Saltykov Sergey Vasilievich - lover of Catherine II the Great. Heir to the throne at any cost

Saltykov Sergey Vasilievich

One of the most significant men in the life of Empress Catherine II was Sergei Vasilyevich Saltykov. Calling him a favorite is incorrect, because during their relationship, Catherine was officially married to the heir to the throne, the future Peter III, nevertheless, in many sources Saltykov is designated as the favorite of Catherine II. History has preserved very little information about Sergei Vasilievich, and there is no need to talk about their reliability. The love affair, then still, between the Grand Duchess Catherine and the chamberlain of the heir to the throne was a bright flash that changed the fate of many people.

The origin and family of Sergei Saltykov

It is impossible to speak unequivocally about the origin of the future lover of Catherine II, since there are only a few documents explaining his origin, and they only slightly open the veil of secrecy. Presumably, the father of the princess's lover is Vasily Fedorovich Saltykov (1675-1751), an incredibly contradictory person, with a hot temper and a rich life.

Vasily Fedorovich was the brother of Tsarina Praskovya Fedorovna (nee Saltykova), the wife of Tsar Ivan Alekseevich, during whose reign he was close to the court. In 1690, Vasily Saltykov received the title of kravchy, which he retained under Peter I. It is noteworthy that during the reign of Peter the Great, Saltykov appeared at court only on holidays and ceremonial receptions, while the rest of the time he preferred to spend at a distance.

Family life was difficult for Vasily Fedorovich. The first wife of Agrafena Petrovna (nee Prozorovskaya) died in 1707, after which the widower married Alexandra Grigorievna (nee Dolgoruka). The second marriage turned into a tragedy for his wife and a scandal for Saltykov. The divorce proceedings lasted for several years, and even caused a renewed interest in the reflections of Archbishop Feofan Prokopovich "On the correct divorce of a husband and wife." The initiator of the divorce was Alexandra Grigorievna, her father, Prince Dolgoruky, supported the complaint, who in 1721 “beat the sovereign with his forehead”, saying that Saltykov “innocently beat his wife at the instigation of his people and starved him to death and wanted to kill her to death in Mitava”. The spouses got divorced. Vasily Fedorovich was no longer officially married, at least no documents have been preserved to refute this fact.

During the reign of Anna Ioanovna Saltykov was again brought closer to the court. Vasily, together with his uncle, receives the count's title in 1730. In addition, he was promoted to actual state councilors, awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called and appointed by the Moscow mayor. Then Vasily Fedorovich was promoted to general-in-chief and mayor of St. Petersburg (1732-1740).

The mother of Catherine II's lover, Sergei Saltykov, is a completely mystical figure. There is a document indicating that the mother of Sergei Vasilyevich Saltykov is Marya Alekseevna Golitsyna. There is also information about the proximity of Marya Alekseevna to Queen Elizabeth, her popularity at court in the guards regiments. Allegedly, Mrs. Golitsyna rendered "invaluable services" to Empress Elizabeth upon her accession to the throne. The only written confirmation of the existence of this woman is a letter from Vasily Evdokimovich Adadurov to Count Nikita Ivanovich Panin about the wedding of Count Pyotr Ivanovich Panin in 1748. According to the letter, Marya Alekseevna Saltykova is a lady of state and a distant relative of the royal family. And Sergei Vasilyevich Saltykov is her and Vasily Fedorovich Saltykov's son. The comments indicate the dates of the life of Marya Alekseevna January 1, 1700 - October 14, 1752.

No documents have survived to prove that Vasily Fedorovich had children. Also, there is no documentary evidence of the high position of Marya Alekseevna: in the list of state ladies Elizabeth is not especially with this name, in the family tree of the Golitsyns there are no women with that name either. Simply put, it is impossible to find out the origin of Sergei Saltykov, as well as the details of his life before appearing at court. There is no information about the education of the future favorite of Catherine II or any information about his childhood.

Chamberlain of Peter III - lover of Catherine II

Sergei Saltykov, the future privy councilor and ambassador, appears at the court immediately in the role of chamberlain of the heir to the throne. According to some reports, he achieved such a position quickly and easily thanks to the connections of his mother, Marya Alekseevna, and her high position at the court of Elizabeth. At 24, the young man marries the maid of honor of the Empress Matryona Pavlovna Balk, and 2 years later, in 1752, conquers the small courtyard with her charm and beauty.

The new chamberlain of the Grand Duke Pyotr Fedorovich not only enjoys great popularity among the maids of honor, but also becomes a confidant of the heir to the throne and his wife. However, popularity also has a downside - by the end of the year, Saltykov was forced to leave the courtyard and leave for Moscow, due to the abundance of gossip and rumors. Pyotr Fyodorovich himself stood up to the empress to defend the scandalous reputation of Sergei Vasilyevich. When the passions subsided a little, Saltykov was able to return to the small courtyard.

The rapprochement between Grand Duchess Catherine and Chamberlain Pyotr Fedorovich looks like a well-thought-out performance. Some historians are sure that the young man was sent to Catherine by Empress Elizabeth, already desperate to see the heir to the throne.

Heir to the throne at any cost

It is not known for certain whether the order of Empress Elizabeth to find a lover for Catherine was a reality, but there is such a version. The married life of the royal couple was distinguished, to put it mildly, by originality. For a long time, Peter III in every possible way avoided fulfilling marital duties, therefore the appearance of an heir was simply impossible. Presumably, at the personal insistence of Elizabeth, Pyotr Fedorovich underwent an operation of an intimate nature, after which all obstacles to the establishment of children disappeared. However, Catherine never got pregnant.

Stolbovoy Moscow nobleman Alexander Mikhailovich Turgenev, who lived at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries, left behind "Notes" telling about the life of the court, including its secret affairs. The "Notes" are based on family archives, diaries and documents collected and carefully stored in the family. From an early age, Alexander Mikhailovich himself was present at the court in the role of a sentry. He was on watch on the day of the death of Catherine the Great, and under Paul I became an orderly. The young man served in the headquarters of Count Saltykov and Prince Volkonsky, spent enough time under Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky, the state secretary of Alexander I. Turgenev gained a lot of information from his communication with Vasily Andreyevich Zhukovsky, the teacher of the royal children.

The "Notes" have preserved a lot of interesting information, the veracity of which, however, is questioned. Among the records you can find information about the novel of Catherine and Saltykov: the chancellor of the empire Alexei Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin, in a conversation with Princess Catherine, found out the details of her married life with Peter III, which he immediately reported to the empress. From Turgenev's book: “Bestuzhev ... was her minister, the confidante of all her secret thoughts. From her directly Bestuzhev learned that she and her husband spent the whole night doing an exercise with a gun, that they were alternately at the clock at the door, that she was very bored with this occupation, and that her arms and shoulders hurt from the gun. She asked him (Bestuzhev) to do her a good deed, to persuade the Grand Duke, her husband, to leave her alone, not to force her to study rifle exercise at night, that she did not dare to report this to the Empress, fearing that this would anger her Majesty ... With the news, like a thunderous blow, Elizabeth seemed speechless, for a long time she could not utter a word. Finally she burst into tears and, turning to Bestuzhev, said to him: "Alexey Petrovich, save the state, save me, save everything, think up, do as you know!" Bestuzhev proposed for action a beautiful, intelligent and excellent behavior in front of others chamberlain Sergei Saltykov ... "

The same order was received by the State Dame of the Empress Maria Semyonovna Choglokova. During a private conversation with Princess Catherine, Maria Semyonovna noticed that even though she was personally loyal to her husband, there were “positions of the highest order”, for the sake of which even marital fidelity could be violated. Such

“Provision” can be safely considered the need for the earliest possible birth of an heir to the empire. After that, Sergei Saltykov and Lev Naryshkin were presented to Catherine's choice. Interesting is the fact that if Catherine II received such hints, it was already at the time when the connection with Saltykov had long passed from a fleeting flirtation into a passionate romance.

Catherine II and Sergei Saltykov - a love story

The initiator of the novel, of course, was Sergei Vasilievich. Catherine the Great, being at that time still a rather young girl, embarrassedly accepted the courtship of a young handsome man. The future empress remained faithful to her husband not out of love for him, but rather out of self-esteem, although the chamberlain of Peter III aroused genuine admiration in her: “Sergei Saltykov made me understand what was the reason for his frequent visits ... I continued to listen to him; he was as beautiful as day, and, of course, no one could equal him, either in a large court, and even less so in ours. He had no shortage of intelligence, nor that storehouse of knowledge, manners and techniques, which are given by the great light and especially the courtyard. He was 25 years old; in general, both by birth and in many other qualities, he was an outstanding gentleman ... I did not give in all spring and part of the summer. "

Sergei Vasilievich confessed his feelings to Catherine on the hunt, seizing the moment for a private conversation. The Empress forbade the Grand Duchess to ride like a man, thereby nullifying all the pleasure of hunting. While the whole yard was having fun with rabbits baiting, handsome Saltykov "hunted" for Ekaterina. Not only the charm of Saltykov, but also the coldness of the legal spouse, pushed. At that time, Peter III was carried away by the granddaughter of Baron Shafirov, Peter's associate, Martha Isaevna. In addition, in order to divert Peter's attention from Catherine, the Empress looked after the widow of the artist Grot and, through her messengers, began to persuade the young girl to become the heir's mistress. Coldness on the part of her husband and a very naive desire to take revenge on the unfaithful spouse, embarking on a love adventure, led the young princess into the arms of her lover.

Love triangle or square - Catherine II, Peter III and Sergei Saltykov

The royal family union was bursting at the seams, both spouses understood this and no longer hid much. The yard at that time lived in two capitals: depending on the season, a huge baggage train of carts, carriages and carts moved to St. Petersburg, then to Moscow. The long and tiring road was a great way to hide love affairs on the side, as well as to hide from outsiders the "slight signs of pregnancy" of the Grand Duchess, with whom she left St. Petersburg for Moscow on December 14, 1752. However, this child was not destined to be born, regardless of who his father was. The miscarriage upset Empress Elizabeth, but her intentions to see the heir to the throne remained strong as before.

Saltykov, as a prudent person, now approached Catherine, then moved away. It seemed to him that excessive intimacy with the princess could compromise her (or him?). Meanwhile, Peter III indulged in fantasies about his future reign in the arms of a new muse - Elizaveta Vorontsova. If the heir had problems of an intimate nature, then the operation completely solved them, because Peter did not deny himself the pleasures.

Andrei Timofeevich Bolotov, a popular memoirist and agricultural scientist, wrote: “Having suspected Catherine of infidelity and finally hating her, Pyotr Fedorovich began to treat her with the greatest coldness and, on the contrary, fell in love with the daughter of Count Vorontsov and the niece of the then great chancellor, Elisave to her so that he did not even conceal to anyone his exorbitant love for her, which even blinded him so much that he did not want to hide his hatred for his wife and his son from everyone, and at his very accession to the throne he made that unforgivable error and with prudence a completely discordant indiscretion, that in the first Manifesto published from himself, not only did he not appoint his son as his heir, but did not mention him with a single word. I cannot depict how surprised and amazed at that time his first step of all Russians and how much to many indignations and different

he gave pretext to conjectures and judgments. " Timofey Alekseevich himself had the opportunity to contemplate Peter's favorite in person, during a palace reception. Without thinking about who was in front of him, Bolotov asked a police officer standing next to him: “Who would be such a fat and so bad, with flabby face, noblewoman?” - what was his surprise when the officer called Vorontsova's name. According to the records, Bolotov did not share the imperial taste for female beauty: “Oh, my God! How can this be? To love such a fat, awkward, wide-mouthed, bad and flabby, and still love so much, sir? ... for in fact she was such that anyone even looked at her was disgusting and disgusting. "

State affairs and Sergey Saltykov

Sergei Vasilievich became for Catherine II not only a lover, but also an intermediary in secret matters. In the midst of the Grand Duchess's romance with Saltykov, she became close to Alexei Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin, and corresponded with him through a young favorite.

Pavel Petrovich - Grand Duke and heir to the Russian throne, was born on September 20, 1754. This good news was brought to the Swedish court by Sergei Vasilyevich Saltykov on October 7 of the same year. Saltykov's departure was hasty, and his return was not quick. All the time, apart, Ekaterina and Sergey Vasilyevich corresponded. Chancellor Bestuzhev forwarded to Grand Duchess Catherine all letters from Saltykov and Panin, the then Russian envoy to Sweden. From Bestuzhev, the future empress learned about the decision to send Sergei Vasilyevich to Hamburg with a representative office.

Paul I Petrovich - son of Catherine II the Great

In the spring of 1755, Saltykov went to Hamburg, visiting the Polish court on the way, where he was received warmly and cordially. In Zerbst, Sergei Vasilyevich will receive an even more cordial welcome, because the Grand Duchess Catherine provided him with written recommendations. Through the mediation of Saltykov and the great Chancellor Bestuzhev, the Zerbst princess corresponds with Catherine, which subsequently turns into a grandiose scandal of international scale and endangers Catherine's life and complicates the life of both intermediaries. However, a nuisance even of this magnitude does not overshadow Saltykov's diplomatic career.

Sergei Saltykov and Catherine II

In 1762, Catherine II ascended the throne and one of her first decrees, as Empress, was the Imperial Decree to the Senate to issue Sergei Vasilyevich Saltykov 10,000 rubles to travel from St. Petersburg to Paris, where he was appointed as plenipotentiary minister. Less than a year later, the envoy was recalled, as an incredible number of complaints had been received against Saltykov. Sergei Vasilievich did not correspond to the height of the position, therefore he spoiled relations at court, made debts and hastily departed. This time to Regensburg, instead of Simulin, who was transferred to Dresden. The Empress wrote then: "For me, it is especially now all the same whether Saltykov or Simulin, even with the Saxon court now there will be less things to do with the Saxon court, as should be expected before, and who is smarter will have books in his hands." In the spring of 1764, Panin received an offer to transfer Saltykov to Dresden, to which Empress Catherine replied: “Has he still done pranks with displeasure? But if you vouch for him, then send him, only he will be everywhere the fifth wheel of the carriage. " More documents about the displacement or even the life of Saltykov have not survived, his further fate is not known, as well as the circumstances of his death.

It is noteworthy that the wife of Sergei Vasilyevich, Matryona Pavlovna Balk, lived a long life and died on April 24, 1813 in Moscow, in her own house on the corner of Bolshaya Dmitrovka. Later, the lane near this house was named Saltykovsky. According to the records, the woman became famous for her generous donations to the Assumption Cathedral. There are no records of the heirs of the couple.

Saltykov - rumors and theories

Of course, one of the unsolved and most interesting mysteries of the Russian succession to the throne is the origin of Paul I. Whether Saltykov was the father of the heir to the throne or whether Catherine became pregnant from her husband is a question that can no longer be answered.

The similarities between Peter III and Paul I, both in appearance and character, are obvious. The Y-haplotype of direct descendants of Nicholas I indicates rather the legal origin of Paul. According to his memoirs, Alexander III, having learned about Saltykov's alleged paternity from Pobedonostsev, was delighted: "Thank God, we are Russians!" Hearing the refutation, he was delighted again: "Thank God, we are legal!" It is noteworthy that the haplotype R1b1b2 typical of Western Europe, found in all tested direct descendants of Nicholas I along three lines, was extremely unlikely to be found in Saltykov - either Russian or Prussian in a straight line.

! All dates are in the old style!

Count Ivan Petrovich Saltykov, son of General-Field Marshal Count Pyotr Semyonovich Saltykov, was born in 1730; studied at his parent's house; first he served in the Guards (from 1745), then at the Highest Court. In the rank of Kamer-Juncker, and (1760) released into the army as a Brigadier. He participated in the famous exploits of the Russians against the Prussians; promoted to Major General for his courage (1761); received from Emperor Peter III the Order of St. Anna (1762) and, after several months, the Alexander ribbon on the day of the coronation of Empress Catherine II.

Seven years later, war with Turkey opened: Count Saltykov, who was then Lieutenant-General (from 1766), again drew his sword, assisted Prince Golitsyn in defeating Karaman Pasha near Khotin (1769), in taking possession of this fortress; later he served under the banners of the glorious Transdanubian: led at the Battle of Larga (1770) part of the cavalry that followed the infantry; but, to the chagrin of the commander-in-chief, he was late in pursuing the enemy, not having received the orders sent in due time; He commanded at the Battle of Kagul (in the same year) with heavy cavalry, located between the carrés, cut into the crowds of the Janissaries, put the multitude in place, put the rest to flight and took retransmission. Rumyantsev reported to his former boss, Field Marshal Graf Saltykov, about the famous victory and called him happy father referring to excellent courage Count Ivan Petrovich. The latter was then awarded the diamond insignia of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky.

In 1772, Count Saltykov was the first to cross the Danube with the corps entrusted to him; promoted (1773) to General-Anshef; established communication with the Danube between Silistria and Ruschuk, drove the Turks out of the Marutinsky retranshants, captured their camp, took three cannons, forced the enemy to retreat to the Ruschuk fortifications and surrounded the city from the Danube itself along the Lom River; but could not take onago. General Suvorov, dispatched by him, captured Turtukai.

On July 14 (1771) Saltykov was preparing under the walls of the besieged fortress for a decisive battle with Seraskir Gassan-Pasha, who was later Captain Pasha and the Vizier, when a courier from the Commander-in-Chief arrived with the news of the peace concluded at Kainardzhi.

The Empress awarded the military exploits of Count Ivan Petrovich (1775) with the Order of St. George of the second class and with a gold sword adorned with diamonds. In 1780, commanding twenty-six regiments and strong artillery, he formed a chain of troops against the Turks, and had the main apartment in Nemyriv; continued to command a corps in the former Polish provinces until 1784, in which he was granted Adjutant-General and Governor-General of the Vladimir and Kostroma Viceroyalty, awarded two years before the Order of St. Andrew the Apostle the First-Called (1782).

Count Saltykov corrected the position of the Governor until 1788: the renewed war with Turkey called him back to the battlefield. He crowned himself with the occupation of the fortress of Khotin (September 8), which, after close scrutiny, surrendered to him and the Prince of Saxe-Coburg, who commanded the allied Austrian troops, on the following conditions: the two thousandth Turkish garrison and all the inhabitants of the Mohammedan confession, up to sixteen thousand people of both sexes , received permission to leave the fortress; 153 guns of various calibers, 15 mortars and many other weapons and military supplies went to the winners. For this feat, Count Saltykov received the Order of St. Vladimir of the first degree (1789).

Until now, Count Ivan Petrovich defeated the Turk: in 1790 the Empress entrusted him with the Finnish army. At first the Swedes had some surface over our troops; then they were defeated, between the church of Valkial and the village of Taikaly (April 22), from the brave Major-General Denisov, who captured the wagon train and artillery, drove them beyond Kyumen. The King was in this business. Meanwhile, Lieutenant-General Numsen seized the fortifications on the right bank of the Kyumeni River, took 12 cannons and more than 300 prisoners; Major General Fersen acted equally well in the Sveaborg district. The enemy did not dare to disturb our borders, which was also struck at sea by Chichagov. There was a murmur in Stockholm. Gustav III was forced to offer peace to Catherine. On the day of this celebration (Sept. 8), Count Ivan Petrovich was awarded the title of Lieutenant Colonel of the Guards Cavalry Regiment, a sword with diamonds and diamond insignia of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called Apostle.

An unexpected event upset for some time the course of Saltykov's service: he drew upon himself the displeasure of Zadunaisk, in whose army he was a corps commander and was forced to retire (1795). Emperor Paul I accepted him again into service (1796): he renamed him General of the Cavalry (November 17), appointed him Chief of the Cuirassier Regiment, and the next day, Kiev Military Governor, inspector for cavalry; On December 15 of that year, Field Marshal General, Inspector General over all cavalry, with the subordination of the Ukrainian army until Rumyantsev recovered; finally, at the end of 1797, he transferred him as the Military Governor to Moscow, granted him, after that, more than six thousand peasants in the Polish provinces and appointed the Commander-in-Chief of the army, which was to concentrate in the Vitebsk province (1800). On the occasion of the death of the Sovereign, this appointment did not take place.

Emperor Alexander I, on the day of His coronation (1801), sent a snuffbox with a portrait showered with diamonds to Count Ivan Petrovich. He remained the Military Governor in Moscow until May 1, 1804, having then received dismissal, according to his own desire, due to disordered health, and soon died on November 14, 1805, at the age of 76 from birth. His body was buried near his parent, in the Yaroslavl estate.

Count Ivan Petrovich Saltykov, who had never made anyone unhappy in his entire life, was alien to shameful pride, and despised only arrogant temporary workers; distinguished by an affectionate, good-natured reception; he lived in Moscow extremely luxuriously: every day at lunch and dinner there were sixty instruments; every Sunday several hundred people came to him for a ball. He tried to eradicate covetousness in administrative places, established universal order and decency, enjoyed general love and respect, loved to do good; engaged, in his free time, hunting, having his own hounds up to a hundred people; left his son sixteen thousand peasants, including one thousand two hundred people of the household, and two million eight hundred thousand in debt.

The son of Count Ivan Petrovich, Count Pyotr Ivanovich Saltykov, served, at first, as the Actual Chamberlain at the Imperial Court, then was a lieutenant of the Life Guards hussar regiment; awarded, for bravery in various battles against the French, the military order of St. George, 4th class; seriously wounded at the Battle of Austerlitz; formed his own hussar regiment (Moscow) in the memorable year 1812 and soon died (in the same year) at a young age with a fever, having received this illness in the hospitals, where he visited sick soldiers every day. His sisters are married: 1st with Privy Counselor Pyotr Vasilyevich Myatlev and 2nd with Count Grigory Vladimirovich Orlov.

Now the only descendant of the Counts Saltykovs is Count Lev Grigorievich Saltykov, who is in the position of Jägermeister of the Imperial Court. His great-grandfather, Senator Count Vladimir Semyonovich, was the younger brother of the Winner at Frankfurt.

Dm. Bantysh-Kamensky. "BIOGRAPHIES OF RUSSIAN GENERALISSIMOS AND GENERAL-FELDMARSHALOV".
SPb 1840

Count Ivan Petrovich Saltykov (1730-1805), Field Marshal.

He was educated at the house of his parent, Field Marshal Count Pyotr Semenovich Saltykov. He was enrolled in the Semyonovsky Life Guards regiment in 1741, served as a soldier since 1745, was promoted to ensign in 1753, then served at the Imperial Court in the rank of camera-cadet, and in 1760 was released into the army as a brigadier. He took part in the battles between the Russians and the Prussians; for his courage he was promoted to major general (1761); received from Emperor Peter III the Order of St. Anna (1762), and after several months - on the day of the coronation of Empress Catherine II - the Alexander ribbon.

Seven years later, war with Turkey began: Count Saltykov, who was then lieutenant general, again drew his sword, assisted Prince Golitsyn in defeating Karaman Pasha near Khotin (1769) and in taking possession of this fortress. Then he served under the banners of Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky: he led in the Battle of Larga (1770) part of the cavalry that followed the infantry; but, to the chagrin of the commander-in-chief, he was late in pursuing the enemy, not having received the orders sent in time; He led a heavy cavalry in the Battle of Cahul (in the same year), cut himself into the crowds of the Janissaries, put the multitude in place, put the rest to flight and took retrenchment ...

In 1772, Count Saltykov was the first to cross the Danube with the corps entrusted to him; promoted (1773) to general-in-chief; established communication with the Danube between Silistria and Ruschuk, drove the Turks out of the Marutinsky retransmissions, captured their camp, took three cannons, forced the enemy to retreat to the Ruschuk fortifications and surrounded the city from the Danube itself along the Lom River, but could not take it. General Suvorov, dispatched by him, captured Turtukai. On July 14, 1774, Saltykov was preparing under the walls of the besieged fortress for a decisive battle with the seraskir Gassan Pasha, when a courier from the commander-in-chief arrived with the news of the peace made at Kainardzhi.

The Empress awarded Count Ivan Petrovich with diamond insignia of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, the Order of St. George 2nd class and a gold sword decorated with diamonds for military exploits. In 1780, commanding twenty-six regiments and strong artillery, he formed a chain of troops against the Turks and had a headquarters in Nemyriv; continued to command a corps in the former Polish provinces until 1784, was granted adjutant general and governor general of the Vladimir and Kostroma governorship, awarded two years before the Order of St. Andrew the Apostle the First-Called (1782).

Count Saltykov corrected the position of the governor until 1788: the renewed war with Turkey called him back to the battlefield. He crowned himself with the occupation of the Khotyn fortress (September 8), which, after being closely monitored, surrendered to him and the Prince of Saxe-Coburg, who commanded the allied Austrian troops, on the following conditions: permission to leave the fortress; 153 guns of various calibers, 14 mortars and many other weapons and military supplies went to the winners. For this feat, Count Saltykov received the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st degree (1789). // In published documents, after the name of the orders of the Russian Empire, the degree or class should be mentioned. It should be used correctly: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th degree. //

Until now, Count Ivan Petrovich defeated the Turks: in 1790 the Empress entrusted the Finnish army to him. At first, the Swedes had some superiority over our troops, then they were defeated near the village of Taikala (April 22) from the brave Major General Denisov, who captured the baggage train and their artillery, drove them beyond Kyumen. The king was in this business. Meanwhile, Lieutenant-General Numsen seized the fortifications on the right bank of the Kyumen River, took 12 cannons and more than 300 prisoners; Major General Fersen acted equally well in the Sveaborg district. The enemy did not dare to disturb our borders, which was also struck at sea by Chichagov. There was a murmur in Stockholm. Gustav III was forced to offer peace to Catherine. On the day of this celebration (September 8), Count Ivan Petrovich was awarded the rank of lieutenant colonel of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment, a sword with diamonds and diamond insignia of the Order of St. Andrew the Apostle the First-Called.

An unexpected event upset for some time the course of Saltykov's service: he drew the displeasure of Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky, in whose army he was a corps commander, and was forced to retire (1795).

Emperor Paul accepted him again into service (1796): he renamed him general from the cavalry (November 17), appointed him chief of the cuirassier regiment and the next day - the Kiev military governor, inspector of cavalry, and on December 15 of the same year - field marshal general, general - inspector over all cavalry with the subordination of the Ukrainian army to him until Rumyantsev's recovery. Finally, at the end of 1797, he transferred him as a military governor to Moscow, granted more than six thousand peasants in the Polish provinces and appointed him commander-in-chief of the army, which was to concentrate in the Vitebsk province (1800). On the occasion of the death of the sovereign, this appointment did not take place.

On the day of his coronation (1801), Emperor Alexander I presented Count Ivan Petrovich with a snuffbox with a portrait showered with diamonds. He remained military governor in Moscow until May 1, 1804, when he was dismissed of his own free will, due to poor health, and soon died. His body was buried next to his parent - in the Yaroslavl estate.

Count Ivan Petrovich Saltykov in his entire life did not make anyone unhappy, was alien to shameful pride and despised only arrogant temporary workers; he was distinguished by an affectionate, good-natured reception, he lived in Moscow extremely luxuriantly: every day at lunch and dinner there were sixty instruments, every Sunday several hundred people came to him for a ball. He tried to eradicate covetousness in public places, established universal order and decency, enjoyed general love and respect, loved to do good, was engaged in hunting in his free time, having his own hounds up to a hundred people; left his son sixteen thousand peasants, including one thousand two hundred people of the household, and two million eight hundred thousand in debt.

The son of Ivan Petrovich - Count Pyotr Ivanovich Saltykov - first served as a real chamberlain at the Imperial Court, then was a lieutenant of the Life Guards of the Hussar regiment, awarded the Order of St. George, 4th class, seriously wounded in the Battle of Austerlitz; he formed his own Moscow hussar regiment in the memorable year 1812 and soon - in the same year - died at a young age from fever, having received this disease in the hospitals, where he visited sick soldiers every day.

(Source: Bantysh-Kamensky DN Biographies of Russian generalissimos and general-field marshals: in 4 parts. - Reprint. Reproduction of the edition of 1840. Part 1-2. - Pushkino: Culture, 1991. - URL: http: / /dic.academic.ru/)

Field Marshal General; genus. in 1730, d. November 14, 1805 Count Ivan Petrovich was the son of Field Marshal Count Pyotr Semyonovich Saltykov. From the age of fifteen he served in the guard, from where he soon transferred to the service of the Imperial Court and was granted to the chamber-cadets. During the Seven Years War, S. exchanged court service for military service and took part in the campaigns of our troops against the Prussians. Here the young Count S. took part in 1758 in the occupation of Konigsberg and the capture of Elbing, fought at Zorndorf and in all these battles showed personal courage and courage. Participation in the campaign greatly moved Count S. in the ranks. In 1760 he was already a brigadier, in 1761 a major general, and in 1766 a lieutenant general and a knight of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, which he received on the day of the coronation of Empress Catherine II. More independent activity, as a military commander, Count S. showed in the first Turkish war, and this campaign makes it possible to get some idea of ​​the nature of his military talents. In 1769, on our side, the main military operations were reduced to the blockade of the Khotin fortress with the aim of taking possession of it, and on the part of the Turks - to forcing us to lift the blockade and to increase the means of defense of the garrison. During the battles at Khotin, Count S. distinguished himself most in affairs on July 22 and August 29. On July 22, the Crimean Khan decided to break through with his army through the blockade line into the fortress. Our blocking troops were in two groups: most, under the command of the commander-in-chief, Prince. Golitsyn, south-west of the fortress, near the Dniester, and a detachment of Prince. Prozorovsky - on the Bendery road, southeast of the fortress. A significant open gap was formed between these two groups, occupied by the heavy cavalry of Count S. The Crimean Khan directed his main efforts against the detachment of Prince. Prozorovsky, knocking him down, he could get into the fortress. Having been repeatedly repulsed by Prozorovsky, the Tatars led the last, so swift attack on him that they overturned his advanced troops and burst into the open gap, threatening to cut off the prince. Prozorovsky from the main forces. Seeing the dangerous position of Prozorovsky and the opportunity for the Tatars to break into the fortress, Count S. swiftly attacked the defeating enemy in the flank, overturned and pursued him, thereby saving Prozorovsky's troops and ended the battle in our favor in the decisive sector of the battlefield, on August 29 of the same year the commander-in-chief By the Turkish army, Moldavanchi Pasha, having concentrated an army of about 100 thousand near Khotin, decided to ferry them across the Dniester and attack Prince Golitsyn, who was located on the opposite bank of the river to observe the fortress. The main forces of the Turks, having crossed the river, rushed to the center of our position and, despite the heroic resistance of the troops, broke through it, taking advantage of the superiority of their forces. Count S., who received the day before the task of interfering with his detachment's supposed foraging of the enemy in a completely opposite direction from the place of the battle, saw the dangerous position of the center and, on his own initiative, moved with his infantry to his aid, struck the Turks in the rear, restored the battle and contributed complete defeat of the enemy. The military actions of the subsequent 1773 and 1774 years give some idea of ​​the strategic abilities of gr. C. In 1773, Empress Catherine ordered our commander-in-chief, Count Rumyantsev, to transfer decisive actions to the right bank of the Danube and attack the vizier. Such a decisive plan did not correspond to the views of our field marshal: the position of his army, understaffed and scattered over a considerable distance, did not allow him to expect success from the crossing of the Danube. Not daring, however, to take responsibility for non-observance of the Empress's orders, Rumyantsev demanded from the chief commanders an opinion on the possibility of postponing actions across the Danube. A note on this matter from Count S. is of significant interest as a characteristic of his military views. In it, the author shares Rumyantsev's view of the riskiness of fulfilling the empress's command and confirms his arguments by a detailed study of the situation, which, in fact, did not favor this. For his part, the count proposed a more cautious, but correct and appropriate plan, which consisted in keeping the left bank of the Danube in his hands and harassing the Turks on the opposite bank only with raids. In the case of crossing the Danube, Count S. suggested not earlier to delve into the country, as having firmly established himself on the river by taking possession of the fortresses of Ruschuk and Silistria. During the campaign of 1773, a detachment of Count S., with a force of 12 thousand, was entrusted with monitoring the middle course of the Danube and, subsequently, when Count Rumyantsev decided to postpone military operations across the Danube and begin a siege of the fortress of Silistria, S. actions had to persistently disturb the Turks and facilitate the operation of gr. Rumyantseva against Silistria. However, the actions of Count S. during this period of the campaign were distinguished by such indecision that they gave the Turks the opportunity to concentrate large forces at Silistria and prevent the enterprise of Count Rumyantsev. The commander-in-chief was very dissatisfied with such lethargy and, seeing that he was not taking decisive action on his own initiative, he ordered him to turn against Turno and defeat the Turkish troops stationed there. S. considered this undertaking risky, which entailed the repetition of the order by Rumyantsev in a sharp form, after which it was carried out by S. quite impeccably. The hostilities of 1773 ended in late autumn with a bold search for the detachments of Ungern and Dolgorukov to Varna. To facilitate this search, by diverting the attention of the Turkish troops concentrated in Ruschuk and Shumla from Varna, detachment S. on November 3 made a battle across the Danube near the village of Mavrodin, having an excellent number of opponents against itself, took possession of the Mavrodin retrenchment and overlaid Ruschuk, having no opportunity however, dare to storm this fortress. At the end of November, when all our troops withdrew back to the left bank of the Danube, he was the last to send his detachment there and S. In 1774, Count Rumyantsev decided to postpone the main operations beyond the Danube. To ensure our communications through Moldova and Wallachia from the unconquered fortresses of Ruschuk, Nikopol and Viddin, on the upper Danube, in Banat, a detachment S. (10 infantry regiments, 5 regiments of carabinieri, 2 battalions of rangers, 1 hussar and 5 Cossack regiments with 32 guns), already made for military service to the general-in-chief. The north was entrusted not only with the protection of the upper Danube, but also with all forces to prevent the concentration of Turkish troops on the lower Danube, where our commander-in-chief intended to inflict a decisive blow on them. This time S. introduced more energy into the fulfillment of the task entrusted to him than in the previous year. When in early June Count Rumyantsev decided to ferry the main army across the Danube, and S. ordered it to remain on the left bank of the Danube, in view of the news that the enemy was preparing an attack against him in large forces, he asked permission to also cross the Danube with his detachment at Turtukai, hoping in this way actions are better to contribute to the final defeat of the Turks. The crossing of S.'s detachment was brilliantly accomplished on the night of June 6 after unsuccessful attempts by the Turks to prevent it. On June 9, the Turkish seraskir, hoping to take advantage of the weakness of the S. detachment, attacked it with 15 thousand at Turtukay from the Danube and from land, but after a stubborn battle it was defeated. Soon after this, the Turks ceded to S. the forward position in front of Ruschuk near the village of Mavrodin without a fight, and they themselves locked themselves in the fortress. After that, having encircled Rusuk, a strong fortress, equipped with a 10-thousandth garrison, S. not daring to storm it, he wanted, constantly disturbing the enemy, to call him into the field, where he intended to defeat the Turks. However, this was not achieved, and his detachment remained in front of the fortress until the conclusion of peace. Military merits of S. in the first Turkish war were rewarded with diamond insignia of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, the rank of general-in-chief, the Order of St. George of the second class, and a gold sword decorated with diamonds. No information has been preserved that characterizes S.'s activities in the period between the first and second Turkish wars. It is only known that in 1780 he commanded a strong detachment of troops (26 regiments and significant artillery), covering our southern border from the side of the Turks, then commanded a detachment of troops located in the Polish provinces. In 1782 he was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called Apostle, in 1784 he was granted adjutant general and was appointed governor-general of the Vladimir and Kostroma governorships, in which position he remained until 1788. In the second Turkish war that began then, S. took participation by commanding a division. His activities in this campaign did not stand out in any way and can serve little to characterize him as a military leader. As you know, Russia fought the second Turkish war in alliance with Austria. The S. division (with a force of 10 thousand) in the campaign of 1788 was assigned to assist the Austrian detachment of the Prince of Coburg in the capture of the fortress of Khotin. June 21 S. joined with the Prince of Coburg and surrounded the fortress. Siege work began on 2 July. The actions of the allies were extremely slow and there was no hope of an early capture of the fortress. Finally, in the fall, the Turks made several desperate sorties, successfully repulsed by S., and on September 18, tormented by hunger, surrendered. Although such slowness cannot be entirely attributed to S., since the main command belonged to the Prince of Coburg, it can be assumed that our general, for his part, did not insist on speeding up actions. In the next campaign in 1789, we already see S. in the Caucasus, the commander of the Kuban division. In the same year, for military exploits near Khotin, he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st degree. In January 1790, Mr .. S. was drafted to the new post of commander-in-chief of the Finnish army, which was operating at that time against the Swedes. The task of the commander-in-chief in this theater of operations was not an easy one: with insignificant forces, he had to withstand the struggle and cover the vast border in such a sparsely populated, poor and mountainous country like Finland, whose inhabitants, moreover, sympathized with the enemy. Indeed, S. took the army from Count Musin-Pushkin in the most sad state: it was small in number, it was scattered around the apartments and needed everything necessary, and two-thirds of the troops were at the front posts and carried out the most difficult service. The result of this situation was a strong, almost universal, disease of the troops with scurvy, so that some regiments had no more than 500 people in the ranks. One of S.'s first orders was to take care of improving the food supply of our troops, for which purpose he organized special supplies for the detachments, and the sanitary condition of the army, as well as to facilitate the movement of reinforcements and staffing coming from the capital to the theater of operations. S. himself arrived at the army entrusted to him from St. Petersburg only at the end of April. As far as can be judged, the initial assumptions of our commander-in-chief consisted of strictly defensive actions on land in order to keep in our hands the territory that we owned and prevent the spread of Swedish rule on it, take advantage of this time, strengthen and put in order our army, and then only move on to offensive actions. S. coordinated all his operations with the actions of the Baltic fleet, which was under the command of Admiral Chichagov. During the short period of S.'s stay at the head of the Finnish army, Russian troops won a number of more or less significant private successes over the Swedes, who were trying to break into Russian territory; at the same time, when it was considered timely to go on the offensive, peace negotiations began, which entailed the conclusion of a peace treaty. On the day of the celebration of the conclusion of peace, S. was awarded the rank of lieutenant colonel of the Guards Cavalry Regiment, a sword adorned with diamonds and diamond insignia of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called. After 1790, S. no longer had to participate in hostilities. From 1790 to 1795, he commanded a corps, this year he was forced to retire due to the displeasure of Count Rumyantsev. Upon the accession to the throne of Emperor Paul, S. was immediately re-employed, renamed generals from the cavalry, appointed chief of the Cuirassier regiment, the Kiev governor and inspector of the cavalry. On December 15, 1796, he was promoted to field marshal general and appointed inspector general over all cavalry with the subordination of the Ukrainian army to him until Count Rumyantsev recovered. A year later, at the end of 1797, Emperor Paul transferred S. as governor-general to Moscow, in which position he remained until 1804. when, of his own free will, he was dismissed from his post due to poor health. During this period of activity, S. left a good memory for himself by trying to eradicate covetousness in public places, by establishing universal order and decency, as well as by his kind, affectionate disposition, cordiality and hospitality. He died on November 14, 1805 and was buried in his Yaroslavl estate. As a military leader, S. was a general gifted with significant military abilities, who had a correct view of military affairs, who showed the necessary determination and independence on the battlefield. As the head of the army and of a separate detachment in general, S. proved himself to be a good administrator, who saw the guarantee of successful hostilities in a well-fed, healthy and well-supplied army. As for his strategic abilities, although he did not have that special gift of creativity, which is distinguished by great military leaders, nevertheless he should be counted among the talented generals. In all his actions, the necessary caution is noticeable, thoroughness in the planned operations, the absence of risk, ensuring the success of a good preparation of the operation; the correct starting point is noticeable in his actions - to count on the worst situation for himself, and for the enemy on the better. Therefore, they can only blame him for some indecision, lack of energy, but this accusation will not be entirely correct, since, at the request of circumstances, he acted decisively, as, for example, in 1774, when he sent his detachment across the Danube, which even Count Rumyantsev considered it dangerous. In all operations known to us S., indeed, prudence, calculation prevailed over risk, and therefore in his activities we do not see brilliant feats, but we do not see a single defeat, not a single failure, and, although slowly, in most cases, he always coped with tasks assigned to him.

Petrov, "The War of Russia with Turkey and the Polish Confederates of 1769-1774." - Bogdanovich, "Campaigns of Rumyantsev, Potemkin and Suvorov in Turkey". - "Description of naval and land battles between the Russian imperial and royal Swedish armies from 1788 to 1790", Smolensk, 1804 Empire ". - "Relations of the Turkish War in the Reign of Empress Catherine II". - Bantysh-Kamensky, "Biographies of Russian Generalissimos and Field Marshals". - "Encyclopedia of Military and Naval Sciences", edited by the General-Leith. Leer.

A. Zaionchkovsky.

(Polovtsov)

Saltykov, Count Ivan Petrovich

33rd Field Marshal General.

Count Ivan Petrovich Saltykov, son of Field Marshal Count Pyotr Semyonovich Saltykov, was born in 1730; studied at his parent's house; first he served in the guard (from 1745), then at the Highest Court in the rank of cadet-junker and (1760) was released into the army as a brigadier. He participated in the famous exploits of the Russians against the Prussians; for his courage he was promoted to major general (1761); received from Emperor Peter III the Order of St. Anna (1762) and, after several months, the Alexander ribbon on the day of the coronation of Empress Catherine II.

Seven years later, war with Turkey began: Count Saltykov, who was then Lieutenant General (from 1766), again drew his sword, assisted Prince Golitsyn [See. biography of Field Marshal Prince Alexander Mikhailovich Golitsyn] in the defeat of Karaman Pasha near Khotin (1769), in the capture of this fortress; later he served under the banners of the glorious Transdanubian: led at the Battle of Larga (1770) part of the cavalry that followed the infantry; but, to the chagrin of the commander-in-chief, he was late in pursuing the enemy, not having received the orders sent in due time; He commanded at the Battle of Kagul (in the same year) with heavy cavalry, located between the square, cut into the crowds of the Janissaries, put many in place, put the rest to flight and took retrenchment. Rumyantsev reported to his former chief, Field Marshal Count Saltykov, about the famous victory and called him happy father referring to excellent courage Count Ivan Petrovich. The latter was then awarded the diamond insignia of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky.

In 1772, Count Saltykov was the first to cross the Danube with the corps entrusted to him; promoted (1773) to general-in-chief; established communication with the Danube between Silistria and Ruschuk, drove the Turks out of the Marutinsky retrenchments, captured their camp, took three cannons, forced the enemy to retreat to the Ruschuk fortifications and surrounded the city from the Danube itself along the Lom River; but could not take it. General Suvorov, dispatched by him, captured Turtukai. On July 14 (1774), Saltykov was preparing under the walls of the besieged fortress for a decisive battle with the seraskir Gassan Pasha, who later became the captain-pasha and vizier, when a courier from the commander-in-chief arrived with the news of the conclusion of peace at Kainarji.

The Empress awarded the military exploits of Count Ivan Petrovich (1775) with the Order of St. George of the second class and a golden sword decorated with diamonds. In 1780, commanding twenty-six regiments and strong artillery, he formed a chain of troops against the Turks, and had a headquarters in Nemyriv; continued to command a corps in the former Polish provinces until 1784, in which he was granted adjutant general and governor general of the Vladimir and Kostroma governorships, awarded two years before the Order of St. Andrew the Apostle the First-Called (1782).

Count Saltykov corrected the position of the governor until 1788: the renewed war with Turkey called him back to the battlefield. He crowned himself with the occupation of the Khotin fortress (September 8), which, after being closely monitored, surrendered to him and the Prince of Saxe-Coburg, who commanded the allied Austrian troops, on the following conditions: a two thousandth Turkish garrison and all inhabitants of the Mohammedan confession, up to sixteen thousand people of both sexes , received permission to leave the fortress; 153 guns of various calibers, 14 mortars and many other weapons and military supplies went to the winners. For this feat, Count Saltykov received the Order of St. Vladimir of the first degree (1789).

Until now, Count Ivan Petrovich defeated the Turks: in 1790 the Empress entrusted the Finnish army to him. At first the Swedes had some surface over our troops; then they were defeated, between the church of Valkiala and the village of Taikaly (April 22), from the brave Major General Denisov, who captured the wagon train and artillery, drove them beyond Kyumen. The king was in this business. Meanwhile, Lieutenant General Numsen seized the fortifications on the right bank of the Kyumeni River, took 12 cannons and more than 300 prisoners; Major General Fersen acted equally well in the Sveaborg district. The enemy did not dare to disturb our borders, which was also struck at sea by Chichagov. There was a murmur in Stockholm. Gustav III was forced to offer peace to Catherine. On the day of this celebration (September 8), Count Ivan Petrovich was awarded the rank of lieutenant colonel of the Guards Cavalry Regiment, a sword with diamonds and diamond insignia of the Order of St. Andrew the Apostle the First-Called.

An unexpected event upset for some time the course of Saltykov's service: he drew the displeasure of Zadunaisky, in whose army he was a corps commander, and was forced to retire (1795). Emperor Paul I took him back into service (1796): he renamed him general of the cavalry (November 17), appointed him chief of the Cuirassier regiment and the next day Kiev military governor, inspector of cavalry; On December 15 of that year, Field Marshal General, Inspector General over all cavalry, with the subordination of the Ukrainian army until Rumyantsev recovered; finally, at the end of 1797, he transferred him as a military governor to Moscow, later granted him more than six thousand peasants in the Polish provinces [This estate was sold by the son of Count Ivan Petrovich for one million nine hundred thousand rubles] and appointed the commander-in-chief of the army, which was supposed to concentrate in the Vitebsk province (1800). On the occasion of the death of the Sovereign, this appointment did not take place.

Emperor Alexander I, on the day of His coronation (1801), sent a snuffbox with a portrait showered with diamonds to Count Ivan Petrovich. He remained the military governor in Moscow until May 1, 1804, having then received dismissal, according to his own wishes, due to his poor health, and soon died, on November 14, 1805, at the age of 76. His body was buried near his parent, in the Yaroslavl estate.

Count Ivan Petrovich Saltykov, who had never made anyone unhappy in his entire life, was alien to shameful pride and despised only arrogant temporary workers; distinguished by an affectionate, good-natured reception; he lived in Moscow extremely luxuriously: every day at lunch and dinner there were sixty instruments; every Sunday several hundred people came to him for a ball [sometimes up to eight hundred people]. He tried to eradicate covetousness in public places, established universal order and decency, enjoyed general love and respect, loved to do good; engaged in hunting in his free time, having his own hounds up to a hundred people; left his son sixteen thousand peasants, including one thousand two hundred people of the household, and two million eight hundred thousand in debt.

The son of Count Ivan Petrovich, Count Pyotr Ivanovich Saltykov, first served as a real chamberlain at the Imperial Court, then was a lieutenant of the Life Guards Hussar regiment; awarded for bravery in various battles against the French, the military order of St. George, 4th class; seriously wounded at the Battle of Austerlitz; formed his own hussar regiment ( Moskovsky) in the memorable year 1812 and soon died (in the same year) at a young age from fever, having received this disease in the hospitals, where he visited sick soldiers every day. His sisters are married: 1st with Privy Councilor Pyotr Vasilyevich Myatlev and 2nd with Count Grigory Vladimirovich Orlov.

Nowadays, the only descendant of the Counts Saltykovs remains, Count Lev Grigorievich Saltykov, who is in the position of Jägermeister of the Imperial Court. His great-grandfather, Senator Count Vladimir Semyonovich, was the younger brother of the winner at Frankfurt. biography of Field Marshal Count Pyotr Semenovich Saltykov].

(Bantysh-Kamensky)

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