Rules for spelling words with the suffix -enn. Spelling participles suffixes of participles Passive participles with the suffix en examples

Participles

List and spelling of participle suffixes.

Rules.

• The formation of participles depends on the transitivity and type of the verb:
  • Valid participles are formed from transitional And intransitive verbs.
  • Passive participles are formed only from transitional verbs.
  • From verbs perfect only participles are formed past time. From verbs imperfect type - participles and present, And past time.
• Participle suffixes are formative suffixes. According to a number of sources, words are not included in the basis of morphemic analysis.
• After w, w, h, sch are written a, e, i, y : baked.
• In the suffix -yonn — (-yon- in short form) passive past participles after sibilants are written under stress Yo : defeat yonn th - defeat yeon .
• In the suffixes of short participles one is written -N . But, in short adjectives -NN.
• It is necessary to distinguish between participles and verbal adjectives.
• Only passive participles can have a full and short form: glued - glued.
• Passive present and past participles can be formed by adding the postfix -xia to the active voice form: selling, selling.

List of used literature:

1. Arbatova E.A. Rules of the Russian language in tables and diagrams. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house "Litera", 2012.
2. Balush T.N. Russian language in tables: a guide for preparing for centralized testing and exams - 2nd ed. - Minsk: TetraSystems, 2010.
3. Mironova N.I. Russian language: in tables and diagrams for preparing for the Unified State Exam - M.; Eksmo, 2012
4. Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: Short theoretical course. - MSU: Moscow; 2000,
   ISBN
   5-211-05119-X.
5. Svetlysheva V.N. Russian language: A reference book for high school students and those entering universities - M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2011, ISBN 978-5-94776-742-1.

Spelling: spelling participle suffixes(formation of active participles of the present and past tense, passive participles of the present and past tense).

Formation of active present participles

Active present participles are formed from the stem of imperfect present tense verbs using suffixes -ushch (-yushch) from verbs of the 1st conjugation and suffixes -ashch (-box) from verbs of the 2nd conjugation: play - the one who plays, writes - the one who writes, shaves - the one who shaves, builds - the one who builds, shouts - the one who screams, sees - the one who sees.

Formation of active past participles

Active past participles are formed from the stem of the indefinite form using suffixes -vsh- (-sh-). Suffix -vsh- used if the stem of the indefinite form ends in a vowel: read - read, laugh - laughed . In this case, the suffix of the indefinite form is preserved before -vsh- just like in the past tense of the verb before -l: see - saw - having seen, melt - melted - melted.

Suffix -sh- used if the stem of the indefinite form ends in a consonant, as, for example, in all verbs ending in -whose. In this case, there is an alternation h/g, k. By using -sh- participles are formed from verbs ending -ty(in this case, alternations are also possible).

Formation of present passive participles

Present passive participles are formed from the present tense stem of transitive imperfective verbs using suffixes -eat- (-om-) from verbs of the 1st conjugation and suffix -them- from verbs of the 2nd conjugation: lead - led, respect - respected, see - visible, store - stored . You need to remember the participle with the suffix -them-- movable (in the meaning of “impelled”: “driven by a feeling of remorse”; also used in relation to property that can be moved). This participle is not formed from the verb move (I conjugation), and from an obsolete verb "move" .

Many transitive verbs have passive present participles Not are formed (for example, take, wait, reap, write, wash, pour, beat, drink and etc.). At the same time, there are several passive participles formed from intransitive verbs: preceded, guided, controlled .

Passive present participles should not be confused with verbal adjectives with suffixes -eat-, -im-(fossil, permissible, incomparable, invincible, inextinguishable). Such adjectives can be formed from intransitive verbs (dependent, inexhaustible, waterproof, incessant, unfading, incombustible) and from perfective verbs (beg - inexorable). Most of them are not used without the prefix Not-(imperturbable, unbearable, invisible, innumerable, inexhaustible). Features that are indicated by verbal adjectives are constant and do not occur over time (unlike features indicated by participles).

Formation of passive past participles

Passive past participles are formed from the bases of the indefinite form of transitive verbs using suffixes -nn-, -enn- (-yonn-), -t- (read, seen, decided, understood ).

Using a suffix -nn- -at, -yat. In this case, the verb suffix -A- or -I- preserved before the participle suffix - nn-(sow - sown, knead - mixed).

Using a suffix -enn- (yonn-) Passive past participles are formed from verbs in -it, -et. In this case, the verb suffix -And- or -e- is cut off ( seal - sealed, see - seen, offend - offended, ask - asked ). Participle suffixes -enn- (-yonn-) also used to form participles from verbs with a consonant as a stem (verbs with -whose: captivate - captivated, save - saved ; verbs with endings -ty: bring - brought, weave - intertwined ).

Table “Spelling of participle suffixes”

You looked at the Russian language notes. Continuation of the topic “Communion is” in the following notes:

The following suffixes are written in the present participles:

1) -ush-(-yush-), if the participles are formed from verbs of the first conjugation: boron- yush-yush (fight), bubbly-yush-y (bubble), sway-yush-yy (sway), small-yush-yy (grind), half-yush-yy (shower), creeping-yyyya (spread ), tha-yush-y (melt);

2) -ash-(-box-), if the participles are formed from verbs of the second conjugation: breath- ash-yash (breathe), sting-yash-y (sting), hang-yash-y (depend), glue-yash-y (glue), mol-yash-y (pray), praise-yash-y (praise ).

Note 1. The verbs brezzhit and zizhetsya have the participles gnaw and zizhetsya.

1. In passive participles of the present tense (they are formed only from transitive verbs of the imperfect form) suffixes are written:

   1) -eat-(less often - om-), if participles are formed from verbs of the first conjugation: organize- eat (organize) hesitate (oscillate), check (check), lead (lead), attract (draw), bear (carry);

   2) -them-, if participles are formed from verbs of the second conjugation; view- im-y (see), zavis-im-y (depend), glue-im-y (glue), hear-im-y (hear).

Note. The participle movable is formed from the obsolete verb move.

2. In active past participles before the suffix -vsh- the same vowel that comes before the suffix is ​​written -l- in a past tense verb (or before a suffix -th in the infinitive): cle i-vsh-y (glue-l, glue-t), cherishing (cherishing l, cherishing), hoping (hoped, hoped).

   Note 1. Participles from verbs like to become weak - to become weak differ in vowels e, and before the suffix -vsh-; Wed: exhausted e gone("lost strength") and became exhausted and whooped("deprived someone of power") [For spelling e, and in similar verbs, see section 1.11.3, paragraph 3].

   Note 2. In gerunds before suffixes -in-, -lice- the vowel that comes before the past tense verb is also preserved. -l- -th); Wed: get well e-in (recovered, get well), heard in (heard, heard), akimbo (put akimbo, put akimbo).

3. The following suffixes are written in passive past participles:

   1) -nn- -l-(or in an indefinite form before -th) there are vowels a, I, e: painted-nn-y (painted, painted), vyvalya-nn-y (fell out, felt), insist-nn-y (insisted, insist), sowed-nn-y (sowed , sow), exchanged (exchanged, exchanged), offended (offended, offend), seen (saw, see);

   2) -enn-, -yonn-, if in the past tense verb before the suffix -l-(or in an indefinite form before -th) there is a vowel and: vyezzh-enn-y (go out, go out), grown-enn-y (raised, raised), vykhol-enn-y (groomed, groomed), napo-enn-y (give him a drink, give him something to drink); if participles are formed from a verb to -ch: baked-yonn-y (bake), saved-yonn-y (save), uvle-yonn-y (carry away); if participles are formed from verbs that have an indefinite form before the suffix -ty stands consonant: brought- yonn-y (bring), brought-yonn-y (bring), sweep-enn-y (sweep out).

Note 1. Participles with suffix -enn-(-yonn-) are formed from a few, ancient in origin, verbs in whose and on here, here. Regarding verbs it, then, from a historical point of view, passive participles are produced using the same suffix -nn-, as from verbs at, at, at. In the Old Russian language, when forming participles from verbs in it before a vowel And a combination appeared je, wherein j caused corresponding changes in the consonants in front of it. As a result, alternations arose d - g (walk - walked), s - w (wear - worn), z - g (freeze - frozen), v - vl (catch - caught), b - bl (dolve - dugout), p - pl (buy - purchased), m - ml (break out - broken out) etc. Subject to the same consent (j) and changed in e. As a result of re-decomposition (i.e. changing the boundaries between morphemes) in modern Russian, participles from verbs have it are distinguished instead of two original suffixes ( -e-- indefinite suffix and -nn-- participle suffix) one -enn-.

Note 2. Participles are formed from the verb to burn and its derivatives using the suffix -yonn-; Wed: LJ burnt, lit, scorched, scorched, scorched, set on fire, scorched, scorched, scorched(but: burn enny).

Note 3. They differ in the spelling of participles from prefix formations of verbs weigh - hang, knead - stir, roll - swing and under. From verbs to it participles are formed using a suffix -enn-, and from verbs to at(yat)- participles with suffix -nn-(at the same time verbal suffixes -e-, -i- are saved); compare:

hang up hung, hung, hung, hung etc. are formed from the corresponding verbs in it: to hang- "close with a curtain" (The tightly curtained window did not let in any light); hang- “to hang, to put on something” ( hinged door); give short weight- “to deceive when buying, to underweight”; weight it- “divide by weight”;

hang up anna, hung, hung, hung and others are formed from verbs in at: to hang up- "hang throughout the entire space" (All the walls were hung with bunches of herbs); hang- "hang in large quantities" (Various posters were hung in the corridors); hang around- “to hang on all sides, to hang everywhere” (Ships hung with multi-colored flags look festive); hang up- "hang in different places" (In summer, well-hanged laundry dries quickly- sometimes in combination with the word linen there is also the participle hung, but the first option is preferable). Participles on annay have the meaning “placed in large numbers throughout the entire space”, in other cases the participles end in new;

knead mixed, mixed, stirred, mixed and under. - participles from prefix formations of the verb months it- “muddle, stir” ( knead dough) - kneading mix, mix, mix, mix;

knead annay, mixed up, crazy, mixed up and under. - participles from prefix formations of the verb to interfere - “to turn over, shake in a circular motion with the help of something” ( stir the tea with a spoon)- knead stir, mix, stir, mix; compare: Mix it well enny cement mortar has high strength; My friend was involved in this unpleasant story.;

pump out enny, pumped out- participles from the corresponding verbs vykat come (from the barn bike) and deflate at (from an oil tank);

shot shot, shot, shot, shot, shot through etc. - participles from the corresponding verbs in to shoot: to shoot, to shoot, to shoot, to shoot down, to shoot through;

shot yanny, fired, shot, shot, shot (machine gun), shot- participles from the corresponding verbs in yat: shoot, shoot, shoot, shoot, shoot("adjust aiming"), execution yat; compare: The landing party, suddenly fired upon by the enemy, managed to get ashore; The shell casings fired around indicated a heated battle; A gun that has been sighted does not misfire; The shot predator was no longer scary.

Note 4. In a stable combination of arrows yang sparrow adjective is written with one n[For spelling n and n in adjectives and participles, see section 1.12.2].

1. NN written in passive past participles:

   1) if participles are formed from prefixed verbs: the manuscript you read, the picture pasted on, the fence painted, the path traveled, the film watched;

   2) if participles have a dependent word: recently mown meadow, three years ago a painted picture, a roof painted by a painter, a cobblestone road;

   3) if the participles are formed from perfective verbs without prefixes: broche nn y (throw) given (dat), executed (execute), bought (buy), deprived (deprive), captive (capture).

2. N written in verbal adjectives:

   1) if adjectives are formed from imperfect verbs (without prefixes or suffixes) -ovanna-, -yovan-): white nth house(whiten - imperfective verb), beshe new dog, boiled potatoes, blued steel, hardened bayonet, dried berries;

   2) if adjectives do not have a dependent word: more beautiful n y floor(but: more beautiful nn y oil paint floor), heavier nth barge(but: heavier sandy barge).

Note. The distinction between passive participles and verbal adjectives in some cases is carried out not only by the presence or absence of prefixes and dependent words, but also by meaning. For example, in the phrases t O captive oven and heat nth fat signs denoted by words t oh captive and heat nth fat, of different properties: in the first case, the verbal meaning is preserved (there is a time limit), i.e. the definition is expressed by a participle; in the second case, the sign is called constant (cf. also: tople new milk, ghee), i.e. the definition is expressed by an adjective.

The semantic difference is also observed in the following sentences: While wounded, the commander still gave orders(the word being introduces a temporary meaning into the form wounded, thereby enhancing its verbality). - Soldiers appeared at the edge of the forest, carrying out dead and wounded comrades.(the sign is indicated by an adjective).

3. In short passive participles, unlike full participles, it is written n, in short verbal adjectives, as in denominal adjectives, is written NN:

   1) with a short participle there is (or is thought of) a noun in the form of the instrumental case with the meaning of the doer; compare: The area around the new house has not yet been landscaped(participle). - The area around the new house was small and poorly maintained.(adjective); The sons were always lucky and were spoiled by fate(participle). - The sons were capricious and spoiled(adjective); The article was read and for recording on film(participle). - The girl was musical and well read(adjective); The population was excited about the radio message. - The sea is excited today;

   2) short passive participles are used in constructions:

   with dependent infinitive: Student intends to answer to the question;

   with dependent complement: The athletes were confident of victory; (But: The basketball players' throws were accurate and confident- without addition).

Note 1. Some verbal adjectives are written in short form with n(if they are formed from prefixed verbs, which makes them similar to participles): Her eyes were teary(cf.: crying nn eyes); His coat was worn out(vilify nn oh coat).

Note 2. In nouns and adverbs formed from participles and verbal adjectives, so much is written n, how many of them were in the producing base: bring up nn ik (educated), chosen one (chosen), priest ik (sacred), appointed ik (installed)[hint text = "On the formation of the word protege, see section 1.7.3, note 1], var nik (boiled), smoked ost (smoked), martyr (martyr), ice cream ( from the adjective ice cream n oe - freeze); organized about entering (organized), confused about answering (confused), looking surprised (surprised).

In the course of studying morphology, schoolchildren study the topic “Suffixes of real and passive participles.” Let’s take a closer look at the intricacies and features of this group.

Participle

What is this interesting phenomenon? To this day, disputes between linguists have not subsided. Opinions are divided: some consider the sacrament because it has a number of its own characteristics. Others are sure that this is just a verb form. If you look at the history of its origin, you can find out that it was formed precisely from the verb. True, outwardly it looks more like an adjective. Yes, and it borrowed some functions from him: they both answer the same question (which one?), and their syntactic role is the same (definition). Therefore, scientists argue and cannot come to a common decision.

Various educational and methodological complexes, according to which the Russian language is taught at school, also approach this situation differently. For example, M. M. Razumovskaya classifies the participle as a verbal form, and V. V. Babaytseva - as an independent part of speech. But both textbooks say that it is still not clear to which category it should be classified.

Valid

Before considering the suffixes of active and passive participles, you need to know that this part of speech is usually divided into two large groups according to meaning. The first is called real. They received this name due to their purpose: to name the signs of objects that themselves perform an action.

Consider an example: “The wind blowing from the sea was furious.”

As we can see, the wind blew independently from the sea, without resorting to anyone’s help and without being subject to any influence. It is these forms that are called real.

Another example: “The dog guarding the house was a large breed.”

The object in this sentence protects the house, that is, it performs the action on its own. Thus, the participle “guarded” belongs to the category of active ones.

Passive

The next group, which has a slightly different purpose, is the category of passive participles. They are so named because they do not perform the action, but are subject to it.

Let's look at an example: “The parents, called to school by the teacher, were worried.”

In this sentence we see the participle “called out.” It was formed from the verb “to call.” Let’s make sure that the parents did not decide to come to school on their own, but at the request of the teacher. We see that it is not they themselves who perform the action, it is performed on them. That is why such participles are classified as passive. That is, parents seem to “suffer”, experiencing someone’s influence on themselves.

Suffixes of active and passive present participles

Now that we have understood the intricacies of this morphological group, we can move on to the main topic. Each of the categories will have its own word formation characteristics.

The suffixes of active and passive participles will differ depending on the tense. So, in the present tense the following are distinguished: -ushch and -yushch, as well as -ashch and -yashch. Example: rebelling, singing, holding, speaking. As you can see, all of them are valid. For the passive they are different: -om, -im, -em. Example: attracted, persecuted, condemned.

In the active present participle, all suffixes have special spelling features.

If you don't know the rules, many questions arise. For example, how should you write: struggling or struggling? The verb from which this word is formed will help us with this - to fight. Let's determine its conjugation. Since its stem ends in -ot, this is 1 conjugation. Now you need to use the following rule: if the word belongs to 1 conjugation, we write -ushch or -yushch. If to the second - then -ashch or -yashch. Thus, we found out that in the word “struggling” it is necessary to write -yush. The main thing is to know how to determine the conjugation of verbs.

The table helps you remember the suffixes of active and passive participles better. And besides, you can always turn to her if a rule suddenly slips out of your head.

Suffixes of active and passive past participles

Now, having examined the features of the formation of this part of speech in the present tense, we can move on to the next stage. It is worth remembering that participles cannot be used in the future tense, so we will continue to talk about the past. They borrowed this feature from the verb.

In the past tense, the suffixes -вш and -ш are distinguished. For example: melted, sprouted.

The passives have more of them: -nn, -enn, -t. For example: seeded, attached, pinned.

And again, the table will help us remember the suffixes of active and passive participles.

With the first category everything is clear, no difficulties arise, but with the passive it is more difficult. In some words, it is not always clear which suffix should be highlighted: -nn or -enn. Let's consider the word “offended.” It would seem that by highlighting the suffix -enn, we will not make a mistake. But that's not true. According to the rule, if the verb that formed the participle ends in -at, -yat, -et, then we select the suffix -nn.

In this example, the stem of the verb “offend” ends in -et, so we define the suffix -nn in the participle.

Let's take another example: "dressed up." And again, remember the rule: if the verb ends in -it, -ti or -ch, then in this case we will only use the suffix -enn.

We will do the same in the words “baked” (bake), “brought” (bring), “asked” (ask).

Tasks

In Russian language lessons, the teacher pays special attention to how and when suffixes of active and passive participles are used. Exercises on this topic will help you understand it more fully.

First you need to give a list of verbs and ask the children to determine their conjugation. Then you should give the task to form participles of different grades and tenses from them.

For example:

• prick (1 sp.) - stabbing (actual, present tense), stabbing (actual, past tense);
• speak (2 sp.) - speaker (actual, present tense), speaker (actual, past tense);
• shave (1 sp., ex.) - shaving (actual, present time), shaved (actual, past tense), shaved (suffering, past tense);
• offend (2 sp., ex.) - offended (sufferer, present tense), offended (sufferer, past tense).

Participle is a special morphological category in the Russian language. Some linguistic schools consider it a full-fledged independent part of speech, others - a special form of the verb. But one thing is certain: this is a very large group of words with a certain set of spellings and nuances of spelling and use. Difficulties are usually caused by the spelling of participle suffixes. What should you pay attention to to avoid mistakes?

What is a communion?

The participle denotes the attribute of a particular object by the action performed by it or in relation to it: flying bird(which one, what does it do?), broken chair(which one, what did they do with it?). Depending on their meaning, participles are divided into two categories.

• Active participles name a sign based on the action performed directly by the object itself. Reading student - a student who herself is reading. Such words are formed with the help of special, unique suffixes -USH/-YUSH, -ASH/-YASH, -VSH, -SH. Thinking, taking, screaming, looking, writing, carrying.
• Passive participles mean a sign of an action that the object does not produce itself, but experiences its influence on itself. For example, read encyclopedia is an encyclopedia that somebody read it. To form such participles, the suffixes -OM/-EM, -IM, -ENN and -T are used. Led, read, vulnerable, doubled, broken.

From the verb, the participle acquired the ability to change tenses; it has a present and past tense form. The form of each tense is formed using certain suffixes characteristic of active or passive participles.

Suffixes of active participles in the present tense

Correct spelling of active participles is not the most difficult science, especially for those who are well versed in verb conjugations. Everything is simple: from verbs of the 1st conjugation, participles are formed using the morphemes -УШ-/-УШЧ-, and from the 2nd conjugation - -АШ-/-ЯШ-. In other words, checking the spelling of the unstressed suffix of the active participle in the present tense comes down to determining the conjugation of the original verb from which the word was formed.

DYE- we write YASH because it is formed from a verb paint second conjugation. piercing object- you need to write YUSH, because the original verb prick refers to the first conjugation.

Suffixes of active participles in the past tense form

These are the suffixes ВШ and Ш. Writing them does not cause any difficulties, because the suffixes of the past participles in this case are clearly audible in any word. Difficulties arise with the vowel sound before these morphemes if it is in a weak position. Knowledge of grammar suggests that before such participle suffixes you need to write the same letter that appears before the morpheme Т in the indefinite form of the original verb. Barking Dog- we write I, because it is formed from the verb bark; glued master - accordingly, from the word glue.

Suffixes of present passive participles

The suffixes EM and OM (quite rare) are written in words formed from verbs of the 1st conjugation, and the suffix IM - from verbs of the 2nd conjugation. USED- from the verb use 1 conjugation, hated- from the verb hate 2nd conjugation. In other words, the spelling of present participle suffixes also depends on the type of conjugation of the original part of speech.

It's worth remembering the spelling of the word movable. It is formed not from the word “move”, but from the Old Russian verb “dvizhiti”, and therefore is formed using the suffix IM.

Suffixes of passive past participles

Perhaps the most difficult rule in the topic “Communion”, because it requires logical comprehension. These participles are formed with the help of suffixes such as НН (from verbs ending in АТ or ЯТ) and ENN/ENN (from infinitives in IT). Heard- from the word hear, FIRE- from the verb fry.

In other words, the suffix НН in participles can be distinguished only in the case when the original verb ended in A-Ть or Я-Ть (the suffixes A and Z are preserved). If the verb ended in AND, then when the participle is formed, these two suffixes change to the morpheme ENN.

You need to remember that the suffix ONN does not exist for participles. In the suffixes of participles, after hissing sounds in the stressed position, you should write ЁНН (unlike adjectives, in which O is written in the suffixes under stress). BURNED, DEPRESSED, BAKED and so on.

How many Ns should I write in the participle suffix?

To answer this question, a little clarification is needed. In the Russian language there is another morphological category that names the attribute of an object according to its action - this is a verbal adjective. It can be very difficult to distinguish between these two parts of speech. " Boiled potatoes" and " welded potato" - the highlighted words belong to different morphological categories and, therefore, are also written differently. How to distinguish them? There are several ways.

1. If a word does not have a prefix, it is an adjective; if it has any prefix, it is a participle. Knitted- verbal adjective, connected- participle. But it should be borne in mind that the specific prefix NOT does not affect the part-speech affiliation of words and is not taken into account.
2. Verbal adjectives cannot have dependent words, while participles do. Grilled meat- adjective, fried meat in a frying pan- participle.
3. Participles are formed from words of the perfect form (answering the question “what to do?”), and adjectives are formed from words of the imperfect form (“what to do?”). Steamed- from soar(what to do?), steamed- from steam(what to do?).
4. If a word has the suffix -OVA, -EVA or -IROVA, then it is a participle. Adjectives do not have such suffixes. RISKY, CHEWED, FIXED.

Once we have identified the part of speech, checking the spelling of N or NN is no longer difficult. In participles we write NN, in verbal adjectives - N.

So, the spelling of participle suffixes with one or two N, although it seems complicated, is explained by a simple algorithm.

Only two N can be written in participles, and a word is a participle if:

• has a prefix (except NOT);
• has a dependent word;
• perfect form;
• has the suffix -OVA, -EVA or -IROVA.

It's really simple!

A rule, as we know, is not a rule without exception. You should remember a few verbal adjectives in which NN is still written: unexpected, unexpected, unseen, unheard, given and some other rarely used words.

Short and full participles

The endings and suffixes of participles, or more precisely, their spelling, are closely related when we are talking about the short form of this part of speech. Let us remind you (and for those who did not know, we will tell you) that the forms of words that have several sounds in the ending are considered complete, and short are those that have one or zero sounds in this morpheme. Persecuted- this is the full form, we're chasing, we're chasing- short.

According to the rule, only one N can be written in short passive participles; double N cannot be written in such forms.

Let's sum it up

The spelling of participle suffixes can be divided into two categories.

• Suffixes, the spelling of which is determined by the conjugation of the original verb (-УШ/-УШЧ, -АШ/-ЯШ, -ОМ/-ЭМ, -ИМ).
• Suffixes, when writing which you need to determine the method of word formation and distinguish the participle from the verbal adjective (-ENN and -NN).

The participle is a very interesting part of speech (or verb form, as some textbooks call it). The use of such words is characteristic only of written speech, which means that it is simply necessary to be able to write them correctly. The participle has a lot of spellings: this is a double N, and spelling with the particle/prefix NOT, and the correct choice of ending, and the correct agreement with the word being defined. But these are topics for other articles!