Environmental risk management. Environmental risk management in the world Approaches to assessing and managing environmental risks

Risk management helps assess the risks associated with such a strategy. Once the risks have been assessed, an appropriate risk mitigation and minimization program can be developed.

Typically, problems arise due to insufficient understanding of the risks associated with the business activities of the enterprise. As noted above, environmental risks are both internal and external, but in both cases they cause disruptions in the functioning of the enterprise, and eliminating their consequences requires significant costs and resources.

Environmental risk management is a central part of strategic management in any organization. Environmental risk management is aimed at identifying possible violations and risks that need to be eliminated/minimized, as well as implementing strategies to deal with such risks.

Risk assessment and risk management should be an integral part of the decision-making process. Businesses that better assess environmental risks can use more cost-effective methods to combat them. For risk management to be effective and meaningful, it must become an integral part of the overall enterprise management system.

Objectives of environmental risk management:

Managing environmental risks at an enterprise can be associated with various tasks. The risk management strategy should ensure the following actions:

1. Identify, quantify, understand and classify all environmental risks to which the enterprise is exposed.

2. Reduction of environmental risks that cannot be considered acceptable.

3. Environmental risks are managed at an appropriate level.

4. Ensuring a balance between the scale of planned actions to eliminate the consequences of environmental risk and the degree of environmental risk.

5. Ensure a consistent approach to environmental risk management.

6. Support standardization of work practices.

The focus of an effective environmental risk management system is identifying risks and dealing with those risks. The objective of environmental risk management is to ensure maximum sustainability of all activities of the organization. This increases the likelihood of success and reduces both the likelihood of failure and uncertainty about achieving the overall goals of the organization.

Currently, environmental risk management in Russia is increasingly developing in areas related to compliance with the requirements of regulatory legal acts.

1. Air protection.

2. Protection of water bodies.

3. Use and protection of subsoil.

4. Use and protection of lands.

5. Use and protection of lands.

6. Management of production and consumption waste.

7. Use, protection, protection, reproduction of forests.

8. Use and protection of fauna.

9. Specially protected natural areas.

10. Sanitary protection zones and surveillance zones.

11. Zones with special conditions for the use of territories.

12. Accidents and emergencies.

13. Industrial environmental control.

14. Standardization of permissible environmental impact.

15. Payment for negative impact on the environment.

16. Responsibility for violations in the field of environmental protection.

There are many different forms and types of risk management that affect various aspects of the enterprise. Many departments work in a system of relationships that ensure the coordinated functioning of the enterprise, while risk management should not be the function of any single department - management should consider it as a process that affects all departments.

In the risk management process, the ranking of risks and related activities according to their level of priority goes beyond the responsibility of an individual service and affects the enterprise as a whole.

By summarizing the results of risk assessments performed in various departments, the general risk register forms an assessment of the risks associated with the activities of the enterprise as a whole.

When implementing a risk management system in an enterprise, it is necessary, first of all, to understand that risk management is a continuous process, and not a separate activity. The risk management system affects all aspects of activity and is a continuous process.

Risk management stages:

1. Determination of risk management goals.

2. Development of a risk management policy.

3. Distribution of responsibilities.

4. Risk assessment.

5. Updating risk reports.

6. Risk monitoring.

7. Risk reduction measures.

8. Development of a risk management program.

In terms of risk management, this strategy must contain a statement that the enterprise sets itself the task of implementing risk management. In addition to the strategy, a risk management policy can be published that explains how resources will be allocated to implement the strategy.

The enterprise's risk management policy should include a detailed description of responsibilities for risk management.

The risk management process includes an integrated set of tools and techniques for use at different stages of business processes. For the effective functioning of the risk management process it is necessary:

1. Intent of directors.

2. Distribution of responsibilities within the enterprise.

3. Allocate the necessary resources to train and communicate risks to all stakeholders.

Policy development should not be underestimated when formulating a risk management strategy; it should be clear, simple and driven by senior management. It is important to understand that, like all other strategies, it will be reviewed and updated over time.

When implementing a project, it is necessary to analyze:

1. The nature and degree of environmental risks that pose a threat to the successful operation of the enterprise.

2. The likelihood of such risks occurring.

3. Methods for managing unacceptable risks.

4. The organization’s ability to minimize environmental risks and their consequences for the operation of the enterprise.

5. Costs and benefits related to the risk and measures taken to reduce it.

6. Efficiency of the risk management process.

An important role in the first stage of environmental risk management is played by production units and enterprises. The key role of manufacturing units is to highlight the benefits of environmental risk management as well as modify environmental risk management policies. Production units perform the following functions:

1. Functional units bear primary responsibility for the operational management of environmental risks.

2. Department heads are responsible for disseminating information about environmental risks within their departments; they must incorporate risk management objectives into their operational objectives.

3. Environmental risk management should be regularly discussed at meetings of department heads to review and clarify the priority of work based on the results of the environmental risk analysis.

4. Department heads must ensure that risk management issues are considered throughout the entire project implementation period.

When implementing an environmental risk management strategy, the results of various assessments, etc. should be communicated to workers, enterprises and, where appropriate, to various interested parties. Different levels of the organization require different information about the risk management process - from detailed reports to directors and senior management to the gradual development of an enterprise-wide risk management working culture. Specific objectives related to risk management should be set at different levels of the organization.

The risk management process consists of several sequential steps that should be supported by support services and include reporting, monitoring and audits. This process follows a logical sequence that begins with risk identification and ends with the tracking process, which involves monitoring actions to mitigate that risk.

The risk management process includes:

1. Methodological identification of risks associated with economic activities during project implementation.

2. Assessment of the likelihood of an event posing a threat.

3. Analysis of possible ways to respond to such events.

4. Creation of systems for eliminating the consequences of these events.

5. Monitoring the effectiveness of risk management methods and mechanisms during project implementation.

Thus, the environmental risk management process:

1. Provides improved decision making, planning and prioritization functions.

2. Helps to allocate financial resources and material and technical resources more efficiently.

3. Makes it possible to predict potential problems: ideally, it minimizes the need for emergency actions; at a minimum, it helps prevent a catastrophe or avoid serious financial losses.

4. Significantly increases the likelihood of timely implementation of the business plan during project implementation.

The risk management process ensures that the organization operates efficiently and effectively by helping to identify risks that require management attention. Such risks should be prioritized in the form of risk control activities, indicating the potential benefits to the organization of implementing these activities. Risk assessment should be carried out in such a way that, on its basis, it is possible to determine the significance of the risks for the enterprise and make a decision about whether this risk can be considered acceptable or whether it requires action. Once risks have been identified, they need to be ranked by priority. To do this, you can determine the consequences and likelihood of each risk and the costs associated with measures to minimize it.

As part of the risk management process, risk management is the process of selecting and implementing risk mitigation activities. One of the main elements of risk management is risk control/mitigation.

Risk management involves implementing the processes, methods and tools necessary to deal with the consequences of events significant to the enterprise. The effectiveness of risk management is measured by the extent to which risks can be eliminated or mitigated through the implementation of proposed measures aimed at ensuring risk control.

Often, how identified risks are managed is determined by the cost-effectiveness of risk management, associated with the costs of control compared to the expected positive effect of risk reduction. Proposed controls should be measured by comparing the potential economic benefits that could be achieved by not taking the measures with the costs of taking the measures.

Then - often after identifying the risk - the costs of implementing the risk mitigation measures should be determined. They should be calculated quite accurately, since this value is quickly becoming the main benchmark for measuring economic efficiency. In addition, the expected losses if measures are not taken should be calculated, and by comparing the results, management can decide whether or not to take risk control measures.

When it comes to compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, in most cases there is no choice. An enterprise needs to be aware of the laws applicable to its activities and implement a control system to ensure compliance with the relevant requirements. Some flexibility is possible only in rare cases when the costs of reducing the risk are absolutely incommensurate with the risk itself.

After comparing the costs of risk mitigation measures with the costs of refusing to take measures, there are four generally accepted options for managing each of the identified risks: accept the risk, transfer the risk, reduce the risk, eliminate the risk.

Once risk mitigation measures and procedures have been assessed and agreed upon, they should be applied to the operation of the enterprise.

Management should prioritize the resources needed to manage risks. If the top management of the enterprise is satisfied with the work being done to manage and address risks (identification, study, assessment, etc.), the risks can be ranked by priority and the main options for planning risk management activities can be selected for each of them.

There are three principles associated with acceptable or acceptable risks:

1. There must be a balance between the possible degree of risk reduction and the costs of taking measures to reduce it.

2. The risk must be with an appropriate level of control.

3. The “accepting” manager must sign the risk management note as a person accepting the risk.

A risk may be considered acceptable if the costs of completely eliminating it are too high.

In addition, the risk may be accepted as acceptable for a certain period of time.

In some cases it is possible to transfer risk, e.g. not to eliminate or reduce the risk, but to transfer it to another “owner” or transfer responsibility for it to another organization. Risk transfer can be accomplished through outsourcing and subsequent transfer of risk to another organization.

Once risks have been analyzed and addressed, the usual path to mitigation is through risk reduction. This can be simply defined as risk control, i.e. awareness of the existence of a certain risk and consideration of possibilities for managing this risk.

There are many approaches to reducing risk using many different techniques. Often the first stage involves determining the point at which the risk has been reduced to an acceptable level and no additional measures are required, i.e. when the risk becomes acceptable. This decision is often determined by how many resources are needed to implement the risk mitigation plan. It is not necessary to completely eliminate the risk - it is enough to reduce it to an acceptable level.

When ranking risks by priority, all decisions made in the process of working with risks are considered. All risks that have been transferred, eliminated, tolerated or classified as acceptable are considered.

Formal quantitative risk assessment helps prioritize risks, but often each site has its own priorities.

Thus, it can be concluded that environmental risk management is often seen as a tool that allows an enterprise to grow as a result of internal and external changes. A business that turns a blind eye to risk will have a harder time attracting outside investment than an organization that has a risk management plan in place.

In conclusion, it is worth noting that throughout the world, environmental risk management is recognized by many industries as an effective mechanism for reducing environmental risks for all aspects of enterprise operations. This mechanism does not apply only to one segment of the organization, but affects the entire company and creates benefits such as increased profits, improved customer service, creation of opportunities for business development, or improved working conditions for employees.

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subject: Environmental Economics

Environmental Risk Management

Introduction

1. Environmental safety

1.1 Environmental safety criteria

1.2 Legal support for environmental safety

2. Environmental risks

2.1 Basic concepts and terms of risk management and assessment

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Man by nature strives for a state of security and wants to make his existence as comfortable as possible. On the other hand, we are constantly in a world of risks. The threat comes both from criminal elements and from a beloved government capable of pursuing unpredictable policies, there is a risk of contracting an infectious disease, the risk of a military conflict, and the risk of an accident. Today, all this is perceived naturally and does not seem far-fetched, because all these events that threaten our security are quite probable and, moreover, have already happened in our memory. Consequently, preventive measures are taken to reduce these risks, and everyone is able to name them.

Recently, a threat to human safety and comfortable existence has begun to come from the unfavorable state of the environment. First of all, it is a health risk. Now there is no longer any doubt that environmental pollution can cause a number of environmentally-related diseases and, in general, leads to a reduction in the average life expectancy of people exposed to environmentally unfavorable factors. It is the expected average life expectancy of people that is the main criterion for environmental safety.

The modern risk analysis methodology, widely accepted throughout the world, officially recognized by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, was used as the main method of safety analysis. This methodology makes it possible to objectively and quantitatively assess the risks to human health associated with the presence of harmful substances of various natures - chemical carcinogens and toxins, radioactive substances - in the atmospheric air, surface waters and food products. Detailed pilot projects implemented under the auspices of the Ministry of Health in the most disadvantaged cities led to sad conclusions (section “Environmental risks”): The risk levels associated with pollution by chemically harmful substances are tens, hundreds and thousands of times higher than the levels that are considered socially acceptable in developed countries.

1. Environmental safety

Let us also note that the concept of “environmental safety” is applicable to many realities. For example, the environmental safety of the population of a city or even an entire state, or the environmental safety of technologies and production. Environmental safety concerns industry, agriculture and utilities, the service sector, and the field of international relations. In other words, environmental safety is firmly established in our lives, and its importance and relevance increases year by year.

When talking about hazard factors, a distinction is sometimes made between man-made and environmental hazards. Environmental hazards mean environmental impacts that may result in changes in the environment and, as a result, change the conditions of existence of humans and society. But on a global scale, natural sources of danger are now relatively small compared to man-made ones. Moreover, people quickly learn to predict and prevent them.

Environmental safety is a complex of measures aimed at reducing the harmful consequences of modern industrial production and emissions into the atmosphere. Environmental safety is the state of protection of the biosphere and human society, and at the state level - the state from threats arising as a result of anthropogenic and natural impacts on the environment. The concept of environmental safety includes a system of regulation and management that makes it possible to predict, prevent, and, in case of occurrence, eliminate the development of emergency situations. Environmental safety is implemented at the global, regional and local levels. The global level of environmental safety management involves forecasting and monitoring processes in the state of the biosphere as a whole and its constituent spheres. In the second half of the 20th century, these processes were expressed in global climate change, the emergence of the "greenhouse effect", destruction of the ozone screen, desertification of the planet and pollution of the World Ocean.

The essence of global control and management is the preservation and restoration of the natural mechanism of environmental reproduction by the biosphere, which is directed by the totality of living organisms that make up the biosphere.

Management of global environmental safety is the prerogative of interstate relations at the level of the UN, UNESCO, UNEP and other international organizations; management methods at this level include the adoption of international acts on environmental protection on the scale of the biosphere, the implementation of interstate environmental programs, the creation of intergovernmental forces to eliminate environmental disasters that have natural or anthropogenic in nature.

At the global level, a number of environmental problems of international scale have been resolved. A great success of the international community was the ban on nuclear weapons testing in all environments, so far except underground testing. The regional level includes large geographical or economic zones, and sometimes the territories of several states. Control and management are carried out at the level of the state government and at the level of interstate relations (united Europe, union of African states). At this level, the environmental safety management system includes:

greening of economies and new environmentally friendly technologies

maintaining rates of economic development that do not impede the restoration of environmental quality and promote the rational use of natural resources.

The local level includes cities, districts, metallurgy, chemical, oil refining, mining and defense enterprises, as well as control of emissions, waste, etc.

Environmental safety is managed at the level of administration of individual cities, districts, and enterprises with the involvement of the relevant services responsible for sanitary conditions and environmental protection activities. Solving specific local problems determines the possibility of achieving the goal of managing environmental safety at the regional and global levels.

The management goal is achieved by observing the principle of transferring information about the state of the environment from local to regional and global levels. Regardless of the level of environmental safety management, the objects of management are necessarily the environment, i.e., complexes of natural ecosystems, and socio-natural ecosystems. That is why the environmental safety management scheme at any level necessarily includes an analysis of economics, finance, resources, legal issues, administrative measures, education and culture.

1.1 Environmental safety criteria

Scientific literature and various advisory and regulatory documents contain many specific safety criteria, including environmental safety. At the same time, it is often impossible to judge which of these criteria can be used to make a final judgment about the safety of a particular object. Therefore, there is a need to develop and use a small number of integral safety criteria and, based on them, obtain a generalized assessment of the object’s condition. For the ecosphere and its parts - biomes, regions, landscapes, i.e. more or less large territorial natural complexes, including administrative entities, can be served by the level of ecological-economic, or natural-production parity, i.e. the degree of correspondence of the total technogenic load on the territory to its ecological technological capacity - the maximum endurance in relation to damaging technogenic impacts. For individual ecological systems, the main safety criteria are integrity, preservation of their species composition, biodiversity and the structure of internal relationships. Similar criteria apply to technical and economic systems. Finally, for individuals, the main criterion for safety is maintaining health and normal functioning.

1.2 Legal support for environmental safety

A wide range of issues of ensuring environmental safety since the early nineties has been reflected in Russian legislation in the field of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population and environmental protection. Intensively developing legislation in the period from 1993 to 1996 led to the emergence of new laws regulating safety relations in enterprises. This concerns issues of labor protection, fire safety, emergency situations and a number of others. This group of laws includes the “Fundamentals of Occupational Safety and Health Legislation”, the federal laws “On the Protection of the Population and Territories from Natural and Technogenic Emergencies”, “On Fire Safety”, “On Environmental Expertise” and others. As a result, safety relations for enterprises where accidents can occur with a negligible probability and the consequences of these accidents pose virtually no danger to the population and the environment are sufficiently regulated by current legislation. Among the laws related to this group, the regulation of relations in environmental insurance is represented by the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection” and the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Organization of Insurance Business in the Russian Federation”.

The first of them considers environmental insurance as one of the methods of economic regulation in the field of environmental protection (Chapter IV, Art. 18):

Environmental insurance is carried out in order to protect the property interests of legal entities and individuals in case of environmental risks.

In the Russian Federation, compulsory state environmental insurance may be carried out. Moreover, it should be noted that state insurance is carried out by insurance organizations of any form of ownership, but at the expense of funds provided from the relevant budget (Article 927 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). The Law of the Russian Federation “On the organization of insurance business in the Russian Federation” was largely absorbed by the Civil Code and really regulates only the organizational aspects of insurance. Legal support for the prevention and liquidation of emergency situations is carried out on the basis of federal law and. by-laws mainly of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation.

man-made danger environmental safety

2. Environmental risks

Pollution of the natural environment with gaseous, liquid and solid substances and industrial waste, causing habitat degradation and harming public health, remains the most pressing environmental problem of priority social and economic importance. For objective quantitative assessment, comparison, analysis, and management of the impact of pollutants of various and varied natures, risk methodology has been actively developing abroad and in Russia in recent decades. The risk of exposure to a particular type of pollutant is defined as the likelihood that a person or their offspring will experience some harmful effect as a result of that exposure.

The risk analysis methodology makes it possible to construct a “scale” with the help of which it is possible to assess and compare the impact of adverse factors on the environment and human health. The methodology for assessing and comparing risks is currently not just a scientific research tool, but also an analysis method officially recognized by the Ministry of Health. Environmental risk is the probability of an event occurring that has adverse consequences for the natural environment and is caused by the negative impact of economic and other activities, natural and man-made emergencies

Environmental risk is characterized by the following regulatory levels: acceptable environmental risk is a risk whose level is justified from the point of view of both environmental and economic, social and other problems in a particular society and at a particular time.

Maximum permissible environmental risk - the maximum level of acceptable environmental risk. It is determined based on the totality of adverse environmental effects and should not be exceeded regardless of the interests of economic or social systems.

Negligible environmental risk is the minimum level of acceptable environmental risk. Environmental risk is at the level of fluctuations in the level of background risk or is defined as 1% of the maximum permissible environmental risk. In turn, background risk is a risk caused by the presence of effects of nature and the social environment of a person. The concept of individual environmental risk is widely used. This is a risk that is usually identified with the likelihood that a person will experience adverse environmental impacts in the course of his or her life activities. Individual environmental risk characterizes the environmental hazard at a certain point where the individual is located, i.e. characterizes the distribution of risk in space. This concept can be widely used to quantitatively characterize areas affected by negative factors.

Thus, the concept of environmental risk allows us to give a quantitative description of environmental hazards for a wide class of phenomena and processes. It is this quality of risk assessment that is of interest to environmental insurance.

2.1 Basic concepts and terms of risk management and assessment

In the last 2-3 decades, the concept of environmental risk has been widely used to describe the interaction between hazardous environmental impacts and environmental objects. The ability to quantitatively analyze programs and activities to ensure environmental safety is a serious argument that contributes to the increasingly widespread use of the concept of environmental risk in the activities of various organizations, including insurance companies.

Let's consider a number of basic concepts and definitions related to the assessment and management of environmental risks:

Environmental risk assessment is a scientific study in which facts and scientific prediction are used to evaluate the potentially harmful effects on the environment of various pollutants and other agents:

environment - a set of components of the natural environment, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects and anthropogenic objects, as well as their interactions; the external environment in which the natural resource user operates;

natural environment, nature - a set of components of the natural environment, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects;

components of the natural environment - earth, subsoil, soils, surface and underground waters, atmospheric air, flora, fauna and other organisms, as well as the ozone layer of the atmosphere and near-Earth space, which together provide favorable conditions for the existence of life on Earth;

natural ecological system - an objectively existing part of the natural environment, which has spatial and territorial boundaries and in which living (plants, animals and other organisms) and non-living elements interact as a single functional whole and are interconnected by the exchange of matter and energy;

favorable environment - an environment whose quality ensures the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects;

adverse impact on the environment - the impact of economic and other activities, the consequences of which lead to negative changes in the quality of the environment;

natural resources - components of the natural environment, natural objects and natural-anthropogenic objects that are used or can be used in economic and other activities as sources of energy, production products and consumer goods and have consumer value;

environmental pollution - the entry into the environment of a substance and (or) energy, the properties, location or quantity of which have a negative impact on the environment;

standards in the field of environmental protection (hereinafter also referred to as environmental standards) - established standards for environmental quality and standards for permissible impact on it, the observance of which ensures the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems and preserves biological diversity;

environmental quality standards - standards that are established in accordance with physical, chemical, biological and other indicators for assessing the state of the environment and, if observed, ensure a favorable environment;

standards of permissible impact on the environment - standards that are established in accordance with the indicators of the impact of economic and other activities on the environment and in which environmental quality standards are observed;

standards of permissible anthropogenic load on the environment - standards that are established in accordance with the magnitude of the permissible cumulative impact of all sources on the environment and (or) individual components of the natural environment within specific territories and (or) water areas and, when observed, ensures the sustainable functioning of natural environmental systems and conserve biological diversity;

standards for permissible emissions and discharges of chemical substances, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms (hereinafter also referred to as standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms) - standards that are established for economic and other entities in accordance with the mass indicators of chemical substances, including including radioactive and other substances and microorganisms that are permissible for release into the environment from stationary, mobile and other sources in the established mode and taking into account technological standards, and in compliance with which environmental quality standards are ensured. Standards for maximum permissible concentrations of chemical substances, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms (hereinafter also referred to as standards for maximum permissible concentrations) - standards that are established in accordance with the indicators of the maximum permissible content of chemical substances, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms in environment and non-compliance with which can lead to environmental pollution and degradation of natural ecological systems. Ecological impact on the environment is any negative or positive change in the environment, wholly or partially resulting from the activities of an organization that uses natural resources, its products or services.

Environmental aspects are elements of an organization's activities, products or services that may result in environmental impacts;

Environmental factors are quantitative or qualitative assessments of environmental impacts, characterized by spatial and temporal scale, harmfulness, toxicity of substances, severity of physical impacts,

Ecological hazard - a potential threat of any effect of adverse environmental impact;

Excessive environmental hazard is an environmental hazard with such a level of environmental factors that the conformity of the habitat of living nature objects with their innate and acquired properties is disrupted;

Environmental damage - damage to the environment from adverse impacts, expressed in natural terms;

The cost of environmental risk is the cumulative effect of environmental and economic damage to the environment that environmental risk can lead to;

Environmental risk management is a risk analysis procedure, as a result of which, based on an assessment of environmental risk, a decision is made on the acceptability of the magnitude and minimization of the price of environmental risk.

Environmental risk management is a decision-making procedure that takes into account the assessment of environmental risk, as well as the technological and economic possibilities of its prevention. Risk communication is also included in this process. Risk management scheme. To analyze the risk and establish its acceptable limits in connection with the safety requirements for making management decisions, the following is necessary:

the presence of an information system that allows you to quickly monitor existing sources of danger and the condition of objects of possible destruction, in particular, statistical material on environmental epidemiology

information about proposed areas of economic activity, projects and technical solutions that may affect the level of environmental safety, as well as programs for the probable assessment of the associated risk

safety assessment and comparison of alternative designs and technologies that are sources of risk

development of a technical and economic strategy for increasing safety and determination of the optimal cost structure for managing the magnitude of risk and reducing it to an acceptable level from a social, economic and environmental point of view; drawing up risk forecasts and analytically determining the level of risk at which the increase in the number of environmental damage stops; formation of organizational structures; expert systems and regulatory documents designed to perform the specified functions and decision-making procedures.

Influencing public opinion and promoting scientific data on environmental risk levels in order to focus on objective rather than emotional or populist risk assessments. In accordance with the principle of decreasing risks, an important management tool is the risk substitution procedure. According to it, the risk introduced by new technology is socially acceptable if its use makes a smaller contribution to the total risk to which people are exposed, compared to the use of other, alternative technology that solves the same economic problem.

This concept is closely related to the problem of environmental adequacy of production quality. The concept of risk combines at least two probabilities: the probability of an adverse impact occurring and the probability of damage and losses caused by this impact to environmental objects and the population. Risk refers to the likelihood of a particular effect occurring within a certain time or under certain circumstances. However, risk differs from both the probability of exposure and the probability of damage caused. The risk may be close to zero, despite the fact that the probability of an adverse event occurring (constant negative factors) or the probability of defeat is close to one. In general, the risk value varies from zero to one. Risk is a quantitative or qualitative assessment of danger; Accordingly, environmental risk is a quantitative or qualitative assessment of the environmental hazard of adverse environmental impacts.

Conclusion

The security of the Russian Federation is understood as the qualitative state of society and the state, which ensures the protection of every person living on the territory of the Russian Federation, his rights and civil liberties, as well as the reliability of the existence and sustainability of the development of Russia, the protection of its basic values, material and spiritual sources of life, constitutional system and state sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity from internal and external enemies. This is a typical definition of security for our country, or more precisely, state security. It can be reduced to a short formula: “the state of being protected from danger.”

The security of a complex system is determined not only by the subjects of protection or external security factors, but by internal properties - stability, reliability, and the ability to auto-regulate. This applies to the greatest extent to environmental safety. A person, society, or state cannot be the guarantors of their own environmental safety as long as they continue to violate the stability and biotic regulation of the natural environment.

Pollution of the natural environment with gaseous, liquid and solid substances and industrial waste, causing habitat degradation and harming public health, remains the most pressing environmental problem of priority social and economic importance. For objective quantitative assessment, comparison, analysis, and management of the impact of pollutants of various and varied natures, risk methodology has been actively developing abroad and in Russia in recent decades. The risk of exposure to a particular type of pollutant is defined as the likelihood that a person or their offspring will experience some harmful effect as a result of that exposure. The risk analysis methodology makes it possible to construct a “scale” with the help of which it is possible to assess and compare the impact of adverse factors on the environment and human health. The methodology for assessing and comparing risks is currently not just a scientific research tool, but also an analysis method officially recognized by the Ministry of Health. In the field of practical analysis of risks associated with exposure to chemical hazardous substances, work is just beginning.

Bibliography

1. Akimova T.S., V.V. Haskin., Ecology textbook, Moscow, "Unity" 1999.

2. Life safety, Textbook, ed. E.A. Arustamova, ed. house "Damkov and K", Moscow 2000

3. Life safety, Textbook, ed. S.V. Belova, A.V. Ilnitskaya, A.F. Kozyakova. Moscow, "Higher School" 1999,

4. Grishin A.S., V.N. Novikov, Environmental safety training manual, "Grand", Moscow 2000.

5. Ecology and life safety, textbook, ed. L.A. Ant, "Unity", Moscow 2000

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Risk management - ϶ᴛᴏ development and justification of optimal activity programs designed to effectively implement security decisions.

Risk management consists of predicting the hazards that cause risk, identifying influencing factors and taking measures to reduce risks by changing factors, taking into account the effectiveness of the measures taken

These are targeted actions to limit or minimize risk in an enterprise. The risk management process consists of 3 stages:

‣‣‣ Risk identification consists of systematically identifying and studying the risks that are characteristic of a given type of activity. This determines:

- dangers that pose a threat,

- enterprise resources that may be affected,

- factors influencing the probability of risk occurrence,

- amount of damage.

‣‣‣ Environmental risk assessment – ​​determination of its probability and extent of damage.

- statistical method - for similar small enterprises (dairy plant)

- method of expert assessments - for new production (plant for the production of solar panels in NChK)

- comparison of environmental damage and economic benefits - compensation for damage at the expense of the culprit of the accident (Myslets)

- event tree – decoding of the “human factor” (oil spill and fire). Fault tree: failure is an expected event that did not occur at the right time.

- scenario analysis - nuclear energy, oil production. Over the entire existence of the industry, detailed causes of each disaster and measures to prevent it (Chernobyl)

‣‣‣ Selecting risk reduction methods:

- abolition – eliminates any activity in the risk zone. The method is absolutely reliable, but its widespread use means a complete cessation of activity

- loss prevention - carrying out preventive measures (EIA, project, Architectural Supervision, Rosprirodnadzor)

- insurance – distribution of possible losses among a large group of individuals and legal entities exposed to the same type of risk.

- absorption - recognition of the possibility of damage and its assumption, in fact self-insurance, ᴛ.ᴇ. covering losses from reserve funds.

Environmental insurance: definition, its main types, objects, subjects and participants of insurance

Environmental insurance is a combination of various types of environmental risk insurance aimed at creating insurance protection in case of damage to policyholders, insured parties and third parties as a result of sudden excess environmental pollution.

The environmental insurance system includes the following types:

‣‣‣ liability insurance of legal entities (organizations, enterprises, institutions) that are sources of increased danger for causing harm to the environment, carrier liability (dangerous goods), etc.;

‣‣‣ property insurance (insurance of land or other real estate, including buildings) in case of damage due to an environmental accident or catastrophe;

‣‣‣ personal insurance of citizens: life and health insurance of employees of organizations (enterprises, institutions) classified as sources of increased danger, or citizens located in the territory potentially exposed to sources of increased danger.

Insurers are enterprises of any form of ownership, which are legal entities, located on the territory of Russia, as well as outside its borders, but having production facilities in Russia.

The object of environmental insurance is the risk of civil liability, expressed in the presentation of property claims to the insured by individuals or legal entities in accordance with the norms of civil law for compensation for damage for pollution of land, water or air in the territory of a specific insurance contract.

Environmental risk management: stages and methods - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Environmental Risk Management: Stages and Methods" 2017, 2018.

Management of environmental risks of an industrial enterprise should be carried out within the framework of the environmental management system at the stages of planning, organization and implementation of environmental actions and activities, contributing to the optimization of management decisions.

The objective basis for building an environmental risk management system at an enterprise is the concept of acceptable risk. The content of this concept is based on three different levels of environmental risk:

· initial level of environmental risk, i.e. the level of risk of an idea, plan for the development of economic activity without taking into account measures for its analysis; this is a risk that is unknown, unestimated and, therefore, of a fairly high level due to the manager’s unpreparedness for emerging environmental events;

· assessed level of environmental risk taking into account measures for its analysis, as a result of which a real assessment of the level of risk is obtained; this is an analyzed risk and, therefore, of a lower level due to the manager’s preparedness for environmental consequences;

· final (final, acceptable) level of environmental risk taking into account the developed and carried out active and passive measures to reduce its initial level.

The main provisions of the concept of acceptable environmental risk can be presented as follows:

· environmental risk is often a controllable parameter, the level of which can and should be influenced;

· a high level of initial environmental risk should not serve as a basis for refusing to make any business decision;

· a detailed analysis of environmental risk and the development of measures that reduce its negative consequences, as a rule, make it possible to make business decisions that are actually implemented at an acceptable or tolerable level of environmental risk;

· the task of environmental risk management is to balance the benefits obtained from the implementation of an economic decision and the possible losses.

Thus, environmental risk management of an industrial enterprise – this is a balancing between the level of possible losses and potential benefits from the implementation of an environmentally risky business decision through the use of various methods of influencing the level of environmental risk.

It is proposed to use the following methods to influence the level of environmental risks of an industrial enterprise: risk avoidance; risk reduction; maintaining (accepting) risks; transfer (transfer) of risks.

Evasion from environmental risks means the rejection of technical and technological actions and activities that entail the implementation of an unacceptable level of risks.

Preservation environmental risks at the current level may mean:

1. refusal of any actions aimed at compensating for damage arising from the realization of risks (“without financing”);

2. creation at the enterprise of special reserve funds (self-insurance funds or risk funds), from which compensation for losses will be made in the event of an adverse environmental event;

3. receiving government subsidies, credits and loans to compensate for losses and restore production.

Broadcast environmental risks imply maintaining their existing level with a transfer in whole or in part to third parties. This includes insurance (property, personal, liability insurance), which involves the transfer of environmental risks for a fee to an insurance company, as well as various types of financial guarantees and sureties. The transfer of environmental risks can also be carried out by introducing into the text of documents (for example, contracts for the supply of products) special clauses that reduce the enterprise’s own liability in the event of unforeseen adverse events or transferring risks to the counterparty after the realization of environmental risks. Complete transfer of environmental risks can occur as a result of outsourcing, which means, in this case, the sale of environmentally hazardous areas of business.

Of all the above methods of influencing the level of environmental risks, the decisive role is played by their decline, which implies a reduction in either the extent of possible environmental damage or the likelihood of environmental events occurring. This method is based on the greening of industrial production associated with the implementation of preventive environmental activities and the organization of environmentally friendly production (in English transcription “cleaner production”), which represents the logical completion of a multi-stage process of transformation in the system of environmental measures: “end-of-pipe” technologies - low-waste, resource-saving technologies – production aimed at preventing the formation of waste at the point of its origin.

Due to the variety of ways to influence the environmental risks of an industrial enterprise, an analysis of their comparative effectiveness is required, the main methods of which are: the cost-benefit method (another name is cost-benefit analysis) and the cost-effectiveness method (another name is efficiency analysis costs). The cost-benefit method is based on a comparison of the benefits (results) expected from the implementation of activities with the costs of their implementation. The cost-effectiveness method is used if a decision is made on the advisability of achieving a specific goal in the field of environmental risk management. In this case, the main task is to select such activities (scenarios) that ensure the achievement of the goal in the least expensive way. Analysis of the environmental risks of an industrial enterprise and ways of influencing them helps to optimize management decisions in this area.

Managing environmental and economic risk involves a number of measures related to organizational changes, investments in equipment upgrades, and financial decisions.

Based on the analysis of literary sources, as well as the generalization and systematization of information on environmental auditing and risk management at many enterprises, the work proposes to highlight the following methods for managing risk groups according to the principle of action: awareness-raising, normative, checking, controlling, stimulating, exacting compensatory methods, as well as methods for eliminating risk, technological methods for reducing negative impacts and methods for transferring risk to other objects. At the same time, it is proposed to divide the methods of managing environmental and economic risks according to the level of the subject of management into administrative and market ones, since the methods of risk management at the regional level and at the enterprise level differ. The proposed classification of market methods for managing environmental and economic risks is given in Table. 1.

Table 1.

Methods for managing environmental and economic risks at the enterprise level

People have been managing risk for about four millennia. It is known that property insurance was already carried out approximately 3900 years ago in ancient Mesopotamia. In the code of laws of King Hamurappi, dating back to 1950 BC, rules were written down for issuing loans against the security of a ship, which provided for insurance risk and the payment of an appropriate amount in the event of the destruction of the ship and the loss of its cargo. This type of insurance was developed later in Ancient Greece. The first insurance policy insuring human life appeared much later - in 1583 in England.

The first legislative act aimed at reducing environmental risk can be considered the decree of the English king Edward I, signed by him more than seven hundred years ago, in 1285. This decree prohibited the burning of so-called “soft” coal in kilns used for firing and drying bricks. which contains a lot of air pollutants.

The results of studies of its perception are important for environmental risk management processes. The identified priorities in society's concern about the state of the environment should be taken into account when preparing the necessary environmental measures. Risk prevention or reduction must take into account not only quantitative, but also qualitative characteristics of risk, which are determined by various factors and mechanisms of risk perception (see Chapter 3). Data from risk perception research are essential for adequate risk communication, so managers involved in risk management should be interested in increasing the use of such data.

In order to prevent or reduce risk, numerous and varied documents are being developed, the scope of which may be limited to a single enterprise, or may extend to the entire country. Such documents include legislative acts and regulations aimed at protecting health, improving working conditions, reducing environmental pollution, ensuring road safety, standardizing the quality of goods sold, etc. The well-known inscription on cigarette packs “The Ministry of Health warns: smoking is dangerous to your health” is an example of the simplest measure to reduce risk.

In recent years, there has been a tendency to regulate environmental risk through legislation, and at the highest levels. Thus, in 1995, the US Congress mandated that all future health and environmental legislation be based on scientific evidence that, first, contains assessments of the risks involved, and, second, combines effective mitigation measures. risks with reasonable costs.

7.1. Acceptable and negligible health risks

The use of risk parameters in legislation requires an accurate quantitative definition of two important concepts - maximum permissible risk and negligible(certainly acceptable) risk. A risk is considered negligible if its level, due to its smallness, cannot be reliably identified against the background of existing risks. In most countries of Western Europe, the individual risk to which the population (and not the personnel working in production) is exposed is considered negligible if its level does not exceed 10 6 per year. The exception is the Netherlands, where a value of 10 6 per year is considered the maximum acceptable risk, and the negligible risk is fixed at 10 8 year 1. In the USA, an individual acceptable risk of 10 6 is established not for one year, but for a person’s entire life, the average duration of which is taken to be 70 years. Consequently, the annual individual acceptable risk in the USA is equal to 10 6 /70 = 1.4310 8 year 1.

It should be noted that the given individual risk values ​​are theoretical. Practical values ​​of acceptable individual risks can be much higher. For example, the US Supreme Court has set a lower limit significant individual risk due to the presence of carcinogens in the environment equal to 110 –3. Therefore, in this case, any individual risk less than 110 –3 should be considered insignificant. According to US Environmental Agency regulations, the permissible (acceptable) risk from substances with carcinogenic properties lies in the range from 10 –4 to 10 –6.

The upper limit of acceptable risk (maximum acceptable risk) is different for the population and personnel working in hazardous conditions. In Russia, the maximum permissible individual risk for man-made exposure of personnel is accepted as 1.010 3 per year, and for the population - 5.010 5 per year (the latter value is 50 times higher than the level of negligible risk, which in the Russian Federation is accepted as 10 6 per year).

Rice. 7.1. Individual risk of death per year

(according to statistics from England).

The solid curve is for men, the dashed curve is for women. The horizontal lines indicate the average risk of death as a result of: 1 - air pollution; 2 - transport accident; 3 - lightning strike. The area between acceptable levels is shaded ( A) and unacceptable ( B) risks.

In Fig. Table 7.1 presents the levels of unacceptable (10 –3) and acceptable (10 –6) risks along with the age dependence of the individual risk of death per one year of life.

This dependence reflects statistical data on the population of England; the values ​​of unacceptable and acceptable risks are averaged by age and are considered the same for men and women. The same figure shows similarly averaged levels of individual risks of death from air pollution, traffic accidents, and lightning strikes.

In Fig. 7.2 shows how the social risk limits set by the Dutch government depend on the number of possible victims as a result of man-made accidents. Let us recall that social risk is expressed by the value f- the frequency of such accidents at one facility per year, the number of victims of which does not exceed the value N.

Rice. 7.2. Levels of maximum acceptable and negligible risks adopted in the Netherlands.

The graph refers to social risk, and the left vertical axis refers to individual risk; all values ​​refer to one year.

Tolerable risk values ​​are used as criteria in the environmental risk management process. The goal of this process is to reduce the level of risk to an acceptable level. In Fig. 7.3 presents the stages of the risk management process.

Rice. 7.3. Risk management process diagram

The risk management process is based on the results of quantitative risk assessment, which allows

compare alternative designs of potentially dangerous objects and technologies

identify the most dangerous risk factors operating at a given facility

create databases and knowledge bases for expert systems to support technical decision making and development of regulatory documents

identify priority areas of investment aimed at reducing risk and reducing hazards.

As follows from Fig. 7.3, the results of the risk assessment for the situation under consideration are first compared with the corresponding criteria. After this comparison, risk reduction options are found, each of which is assessed taking into account the costs of its implementation. Evaluating options is an iterative operation and is repeated until the optimal solution is selected.