Creation of the Nazi Party. Elections and Hitler's rise to power. National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP): program, leaders, symbols, history Which party did Hitler belong to?

National Socialist German Workers' Party(German) Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei ; abbr. NSDAP, in Soviet sources National socialist German Workers' Party, German NSDAP listen)) is a political party in Germany that existed from until 1945. The party held almost all its congresses in Nuremberg. In 1933, following the election results, it became the ruling party, and party leader Adolf Hitler took the post of Reich Chancellor. After this, the party established a dictatorial regime. After Germany's defeat in the war in 1945, it was disbanded by the allies in the anti-Hitler coalition. At the Nuremberg trials, the leadership of the party was declared criminal, and the ideology of the NSDAP was called one of the main causes of the Second World War.

Name

The name of the party before 1920 was the German Workers' Party. "Deutsche Arbeiterpartei".

Hitler himself explained the name of his party this way:

Socialism is the doctrine of how to care for the common good. Communism is not socialism. Marxism is not socialism. Marxists stole this concept and distorted its meaning. I will snatch socialism from the hands of the “socialists.” Socialism is an ancient Aryan, Germanic tradition.

Program (25 points)

• We demand the unification of all Germans on the basis of the right of self-determination of peoples into Greater Germany.
• We demand equal rights for the German people on an equal basis with other nations and the abolition of the provisions of the Versailles and Saint-Germain peace treaties.
• We demand living space: territories and lands (colonies) necessary to feed the German people and to resettle the surplus German population.
• A citizen of Germany can only be one who belongs to the German nation, in whose veins German blood flows, regardless of religious affiliation. No Jew can be classified as a member of the German nation and be a citizen of Germany.
• Anyone who is not a German citizen can live in Germany as a guest, with the rights of a foreigner.
• The right to vote and to be elected should belong exclusively to German citizens. We therefore demand that all positions at any level - imperial, regional or municipal - be filled only by German citizens. We are fighting against the corrupting parliamentary practice of holding office solely on the basis of party affiliation without regard to character and ability.
• We demand that the state commit itself to ensuring that German citizens have the best possible work and life opportunities. If it is impossible to feed the entire population of the state, then persons of alien nations (not citizens of the state) must be expelled from the country.
• All further immigration to Germany of persons of non-German race must be suspended. We demand that all persons of non-German race who immigrated to Germany after August 2, 1914, immediately leave the Reich.
• All citizens of the state must have equal rights and responsibilities.
• The first duty of every German citizen will be to do work, mental or physical. The activities of each citizen should not diverge from the interests of society as a whole, should take place within the framework of society and, therefore, be directed for the common benefit.
• We demand a declaration of ruthless war on those whose activities harm common interests. Crimes against the nation committed by moneylenders, speculators, etc. should be punishable by death, regardless of race or creed. We demand the abolition of unearned income and interest slavery.
• In view of the enormous loss of life and property demanded of the nation by every war, personal enrichment during war must be considered a crime against the nation. We therefore demand the ruthless confiscation of war profits.
• We demand the nationalization of industrial trusts.
• We demand the participation of workers and employees in the profits of large commercial enterprises.
• We demand a significant increase in pensions for the elderly.
• We demand the creation of a healthy middle class and its preservation, the immediate removal of large stores from private ownership and their rental at low prices to small producers, the strictest consideration to ensure that small producers receive public support everywhere - at the state level, in the lands or communities.
• We demand land reform in accordance with the interests of the German nation, the adoption of a law on the gratuitous confiscation of land for public needs, the cancellation of interest on mortgages, and the prohibition of land speculation.
• We demand a ruthless fight against crime. We demand the introduction of the death penalty for criminals against the German people, moneylenders, speculators, etc., regardless of social status, religion and nationality.
• We demand the replacement of Roman law, which serves the interests of the materialist world order, with German popular law.
• In order to ensure that every capable and diligent German has the opportunity to receive a higher education and occupy a leadership position, the state must take care of the comprehensive, broad development of our entire system of public education. The programs of all educational institutions must be brought into line with the requirements of practical life. From the very beginning of the development of a child’s consciousness, the school must purposefully teach students to understand the idea of ​​the state. We demand that especially talented children of poor parents, regardless of their position in society and occupation, receive an education at the expense of the state.
• The state must direct all efforts to improve the health of the nation: ensure the protection of motherhood and childhood, prohibit child labor, improve the physical condition of the population by introducing compulsory games and physical exercises, and supporting clubs involved in the physical development of youth.
• We demand the elimination of mercenary troops and the creation of a people's army.
• We demand an open political struggle against deliberate political lies and their spread in the press. In order to create a German national press, we demand that:
  • all editors and publishers of German newspapers would be German citizens;
  • Non-German newspapers must obtain special permission from the state to publish. However, they cannot be published in German;
  • non-German citizens would be prohibited by law from having any financial interest or influence in German newspapers. As punishment for violations of this law, such a newspaper will be banned and foreigners will be immediately deported. We demand the announcement of an irreconcilable struggle against literary and cultural movements that have a corrupting influence on our people, as well as a ban on all activities aimed at this.
• We demand freedom for all religious denominations in the state as long as they do not pose a threat to it and do not oppose the morals and feelings of the German race. The party as such stands on the position of positive Christianity, but at the same time is not bound by beliefs with any denomination. She fights the Jewish-materialistic spirit within and without us and is convinced that the German nation can achieve permanent healing within itself only on the principles of the priority of general interests over private ones.
• To accomplish all this we demand: the creation of a strong centralized imperial power. The unquestioned authority of the central political parliament throughout the empire in all its organizations. The creation of estate chambers and chambers of professions to implement the general laws adopted by the empire in individual federal states. Party leaders undertake to ensure the implementation of the above points at any cost, even sacrificing, if necessary, their lives.

Organizational structure of the NSDAP

The National Socialist Workers' Party was built on a territorial principle and had a pronounced hierarchical structure. At the top of the pyramid of party power stood the Party Chairman, who had absolute power and unlimited powers.

• Karl Harrer 1919-1920
• Anton Drexler, from February 24 of the year until July 29 year, then honorary chairman;
• Adolf Gitler , from July 29 of the year until April 30 of the year.

To ensure the activities of the Fuhrer, the personal Office of the Fuhrer was created (organized in the year), to ensure the activities of the top party leadership there was a party office (from October 10 years it was headed by Martin Bormann).

The direct leadership of the party was carried out by the deputy Fuhrer for the party. From April 21 of the year until May 10 year it was Rudolf Hess. A new deputy was not appointed, but Martin Bormann actually became him.

The current management of party work in areas was carried out by 18 Reichsleiter (German. Reichsleiter- imperial leader). The Reichsleiter had no less power than the ministers.

In Germany in 1920, the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), in Russian - NSDAP, or NSRPG) began to exist, and since 1933 it has become the only legal ruling party in the country. By decision of the anti-Hitler coalition, after the defeat in 1945, it was dissolved, the Nuremberg trials recognized its leadership as criminal, and its ideology unacceptable due to the threat to the existence of humanity.

Start

In 1919, the German Workers' Party (DAP) was founded in Munich by railway mechanic Anton Drexler on the platform of the Free Workers' Committee for Peace (Freien Arbeiterausschuss für einen guten Frieden), which was also founded by Drexler. His mentor, Paul Tafel, director of the company and leader of the Pan-German Union, presented the idea of ​​​​creating a nationalist party that would rely on the workers. Since its creation, there have already been about 40 members under the wing of the DAP. The political party's program was not yet sufficiently developed.

Adolf Hitler joined the ranks of the DAP already in September 1919, and six months later he announced the “Twenty-Five Points Program,” which entailed a change of name. It now finally acquired its name as the National Socialist German Workers' Party. Hitler did not come up with innovations himself; National Socialism had already been proclaimed at that time in Austria. In order not to copy the name of the Austrian party, Hitler proposed the Socialist Revolutionary Party. But he was convinced. Journalism picked up the idea, shortening the abbreviation to “Nazi”, since the name “social” (socialists) already existed, by analogy.

Twenty five points

This fateful program, approved in February 1920, will have to be presented briefly.

1. Greater Germany must unite all Germans on its territory.
2. To achieve a waiver of all the terms of the Versailles Treaty, thereby confirming Germany’s right to independently build relations with other nations.
3. Lebensraum: demand additional territory to produce food and settle the increasing German population.
4. Grant citizenship based on race. Jews will not be German citizens.
5. All non-Germans can only be guests.
6. Official positions must be occupied by people with appropriate qualifications and available abilities; nepotism of any kind is unacceptable.
7. The state is obliged to provide conditions for the existence of citizens. If there are insufficient resources, all non-citizens are excluded from the list of beneficiaries.
8. Stop the entry of non-Germans into Germany.
9. All citizens have not only the right, but also the obligation to participate in elections.
10. Every German citizen must work for the common good.
11. Illicit profits are confiscated.
12. All profits gained from the war are confiscated.
13. Nationalization of all large enterprises.
14. Workers and employees participate in the profits of large industries.
15. The old-age pension must be decent.
16. The need to support traders and small producers, transferring all large stores to them.
17. Reforms in land tenure, stopping speculation.
18. Speculation is punishable by death, and all criminal offenses are mercilessly punished.
19. Replacement of Roman law with German law.
20. Reorganization of the German educational system.
21. State support for motherhood and encouragement of youth development.
22. Universal conscription, national army instead of professional.
23. All media in the country must be owned only by Germans; non-Germans are prohibited from working in them.
24. Religion is free, except for religions that are dangerous to Germany. Jewish materialism is prohibited.
25. Strengthening the central government to effectively implement legislation.

Parliament

On April 1, 1920, Hitler’s party became official, and since 1926, all its provisions have been recognized as inviolable. From 1924 to the party gained strength and quickly strengthened. Parliamentary elections show an increase in the German vote from year to year.

If in May 1924 the National Socialist German Workers' Party gained only 6.6% in the elections, and in December even less - only 3%, then already in 1930 the votes became 18.3%. In 1932, there was a significant increase in adherents of National Socialism: in July 37.4% voted for the NSDAP, and finally, in March 1933, almost 44% of the votes were received by Hitler’s party. Since 1923, NSDAP congresses have been held regularly, there were ten of them in total, and the last one took place in 1938.

Ideology

Totalitarianism combines elements of socialism, racism, nationalism, anti-Semitism, fascism and anti-communism. That is why the National Socialist German Workers' Party declared its goal to build an Aryan state with racial purity and vast territory, which has everything necessary for the well-being and prosperity of the thousand-year Reich.

Hitler first made a report to the party in October 1919. Then the history of the party was just beginning, and the audience was small - only one hundred and eleven people. But the future Fuhrer captivated them completely. In principle, the postulates in his speeches never changed - the emergence of fascism had already occurred. At first, Hitler talked about how great he saw Germany and declared its enemies: Jews and Marxists, who doomed the country to defeat in the First World War and subsequent suffering. Then they spoke about revenge and about German weapons that would eliminate poverty in the country. The demand for the return of the colonies, contrary to the “barbaric” Treaty of Versailles, was reinforced by the intention to annex many new territories.

Party structure

The National Socialist German Workers' Party was built on a territorial principle, the structure was hierarchical. Absolute power and unlimited powers belonged to the party chairman. The first head from January 1919 to February 1920 was the journalist Karl Harrer. He took an active part in the creation of the DAP. He was succeeded by Anton Drexler, who a year later became honorary chairman of the party when he handed over the reins of power to Adolf Hitler in July 1921.

The party apparatus was directly led by the Deputy Fuhrer. From 1933 to 1941, this position was held by the Deputy Fuhrer who created the Headquarters, who immediately in 1933 headed the transformation of the Headquarters into the Party Chancellery in 1941. Since 1942, Bormann has been the Fuhrer's secretary. In 1945, Hitler wrote a will in which he established a new party post - a minister for party affairs appeared, who became its head. Bormann did not stay at the head of the NSDAP for long - about four days, from the thirtieth of April until the signing of the capitulation on the second of May.

His fight

When the Nazis attempted a coup, Bavarian Commissioner Gustav von Kahr issued a decree banning the National Socialist Party. However, this had no effect; the popularity of both the party and its Fuhrer grew at a tremendous pace: already in 1924, forty Reichstag deputies belonged to the NSDAP. In addition, party members hid under other names of newly created organizations. This applies to the Greater German People's Community and the People's Bloc, and the National Socialist Liberation Movement, and many other parties that are small in number of members.

In 1925, the NSDAP again reached a legal position, but its leaders disagreed on purely tactical issues - how much socialism and how much nationalism should this movement contain. Thus, the party was divided into two wings. The entire year of 1926 passed in splits and fierce struggle between the right and left. The party conference in Bamberg was the climax of this confrontation. Then, on May 22, 1926, without overcoming the contradictions, Hitler was nevertheless elected as their leader in Munich. And they did it unanimously.

Reasons for the popularity of Nazism

In Germany, the severity of the economic crisis in the early twenties of the twentieth century was at its peak, and discontent among all segments of the population grew by leaps and bounds. Against this background, it was not so difficult to seduce the masses with the ideas of nationalism and militarism, proclaiming a race of masters and the historical mission of Germany. The number of adherents and sympathizers of the NSDAP grew rapidly, attracting thousands and thousands of boys from various classes and estates into the ranks of the Nazis. The party developed dynamically and did not disdain populist techniques when recruiting new followers.

The cadres that made up the backbone of the NSDAP were very impressive: for the most part they were members of paramilitary associations and veterans' unions dissolved by the government (the Pan-German Union and the German People's Union of Offensive and Defense, for example). In January 1923, at the first party congress, Hitler performed the ceremony of consecrating the NSDAP banner. At the same time, Nazi symbols appeared. After the end of the congress, the first torchlight procession of six thousand SA stormtroopers took place. In the fall, the party already numbered more than 55 thousand people.

Preparing to take over the world

In February 1925, the previously banned newspaper Völkischer Beobachter, the printed organ of the NSDAP, began publishing again. At the same time, Hitler made one of his most successful acquisitions - Goebbels came over to his side and founded the Angrif magazine. In addition, the NSDAP received the opportunity to broadcast its theoretical research through the National Socialist Monthly. In July 1926, at the Weimar NSDAP congress, Hitler decided to change party tactics.

Instead of terrorist methods of struggle, he recommended that political opponents be squeezed out of all administrative structures and elected to the Reichstag and land parliaments. This had to be done, of course, without losing sight of the main goal - the eradication of communism and the revision of the decisions of the Versailles Treaty.

Raising capital

Using all sorts of tricks, Hitler managed to interest the most significant financial and industrial figures in Germany in the NSDAP program. The party was trusted and joined by such bosses as Wilhelm Kappler, Emil Kirdorff, the editor of the stock exchange newspaper Walter Funk, the chairman of the Reichsbank Hjalmar Schacht and many, many of those who, in addition to their own membership, which was good PR for the people, contributed to the party fund huge sums of money. The crisis deepened, unemployment grew uncontrollably, the Social Democrats did not justify the people's trust. Most social groups were losing ground under their feet, the very foundations of their existence were collapsing.

Small producers despaired, blaming government democracy for their woes. Many saw a way out of this situation only in strengthening power and a one-party government. Both bankers and entrepreneurs of the largest scale willingly joined these demands and subsidized the NSDAP in election campaigns. Everyone associated national and personal aspirations with this party and personally with Hitler. For the rich, this was primarily an anti-communist barrier. In July 1932, the first results were summed up: 230 mandates in the Reichstag elections against 133 for the Social Democrats and 89 for the Communists.

Divisions

In 1944, the party included nine Angeschlossene Verbände - affiliated unions, seven Gliederungen der Partei - party divisions and four organizations. The unions that joined the NSDAP consisted of lawyers, teachers, office workers, doctors, technicians, the War Victims' Union, the Public Welfare Union, the Labor Front and the Air Defense Union. They were independent organizations within the party structure and had legal rights and property.

The political party in Germany had divisions: Hitler Youth, SS (security detachments), SA (assault detachments), unions of German girls, associate professors, students, women (NS-Frauenschaft), mechanized corps. The organizations that Adolf Hitler's party joined were populous, but not too significant, these are: the cultural society, the union of large families, German communities (Deutscher Gemeindetag) and “Labour of German women” (Das Deutsche Frauenwerk).

Administrative division

Germany was divided into thirty-three Gaue - party areas coinciding with electoral districts. Their number increased over time: by 1941 there were already 43 Gau, plus the foreign organization of the NSDAP. The Gau were divided into districts, and those into local branches, then into cells and blocks. Up to 60 houses were combined in the block.

Each party organizational unit was headed by a Gauleiter, Kreisleiter and the like. Accordingly, party apparatuses were created locally; officials had insignia, titles and uniforms, which were decorated with Nazi symbols. The color of the buttonholes indicated the affiliation and position held in the structure of the organization.

Branches

The NSDAP was subordinated not only to its own party members, but also to the party in the territories of Germany's allies and in occupied countries. In Italy, until 1943 he led the National Fascist Party (it is believed that the cradle of fascism was there), after which it turned into the Republican Fascist Party. In Spain there was a Spanish phalanx completely dependent on the NSDAP.

Similar organizations also functioned in Slovakia, Romania, Croatia, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands, and Norway. And Belgium and Denmark literally had branches of the NSDAP on their territory, even the Nazi symbols coincided almost completely. It should be noted that all of the listed states where Nazi parties were created participated in World War II on the side of Germany, and many representatives of all these countries ended up in Soviet captivity.

Defeat

The unconditional surrender of 1945 put an end to the existence of the most inhumane party ever created by mankind. The NSDAP was not only dissolved, but also banned everywhere, property was completely confiscated, the leaders were convicted and executed. True, many party members still managed to escape to South America; the Spanish ruler Franco helped in this by providing both ships and subsidies.

By the decision of the anti-fascist coalition, Germany was completely subjected to the process of denazification, active members of the NSDAP were especially checked: dismissal from the leadership or from educational institutions is still a very small price to pay for what fascism has done on earth.

Post-war time

In Germany in 1964, fascism again raised its head. The Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands appeared - the National Democratic Party of Germany, which positioned itself as the successor to the NSDAP. For the first time since World War II, neo-Nazis came close to the Bundestag - 4.3% in the 1969 elections. Before the NPD, there were other neo-Nazi formations in Germany, Römer’s Imperial Socialist Party, for example, but it should be noted that none of them achieved noticeable results at the federal level.

90 years ago a party was founded, the name of which still evokes the most negative emotions among millions of people. On February 24, 1920, the NSDAP was formed at a meeting in the Hofbrauhaus beer hall (Munich).

National Socialist German Workers' Party(National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany) (German) Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; abbr. NSDAP, German NSDAP) is a political party in Germany that existed from 1919 to 1945, from 1933 to May 1945 - the ruling and only party in Germany.
After Germany's defeat in the war in 1945, by decision of the occupation Control Council created by the allies in the anti-Hitler coalition, it was dissolved. At the Nuremberg trials, the leadership of the party was declared criminal, and the ideology of the NSDAP was called one of the main reasons for the Second World War.

The NSDAP was created on January 5, 1919, by combining Anton Drexler's Independent Workers' Committee (established on March 7, 1918 as a branch of the North German Peace Association) and Karl Harrer's Political Workers' Union (established in 1918) into the German Workers' Party ("Deutsche Arbeiterpartei"; DAP). On February 20, 1920, “National Socialist” was added to the old name, and under this name it existed until 1945.

Hitler himself explained the name of his party this way:
“Socialism is the doctrine of how to care for the common good. Communism is not socialism. Marxism is not socialism. Marxists stole this concept and distorted its meaning. I will snatch socialism from the hands of the “socialists.” Socialism is an ancient Aryan, Germanic tradition.”

At one time, Hitler even wanted to call his party “National Bolshevik”...

The date of formation of the NSDAP is considered to be February 24, 1920, when at a meeting in the Hofbräuhaus beer hall, Adolf Hitler first announced the “25 points” program (since April 1, 1920 - the official program of the NSDAP). In 1926, its provisions were declared “unshakable”.

1) We demand the unification of all Germans on the basis of the right of self-determination of peoples into Greater Germany.
2) We demand equal rights for the German people on an equal basis with other nations and the abolition of the provisions of the Versailles and Saint-Germain peace treaties.
3) We demand living space: territories and lands (colonies) necessary for feeding the German people and for settling the surplus German population.
4) A citizen of Germany can only be one who belongs to the German nation, in whose veins German blood flows, regardless of religious affiliation. No Jew can be classified as a member of the German nation and be a citizen of Germany.
5) Anyone who is not a German citizen can live in Germany as a guest, with the rights of a foreigner.
6) The right to vote and to be elected should belong exclusively to German citizens. We therefore demand that all positions at any level - imperial, regional or municipal - be filled only by German citizens. We are fighting against the corrupting parliamentary practice of holding office solely on the basis of party affiliation without regard to character and ability.
7) We demand that the state commit itself to providing first and foremost for the work and life opportunities of German citizens. If it is impossible to feed the entire population of the state, then persons of alien nations (not citizens of the state) must be expelled from the country.
8) All further immigration to Germany of persons of non-German race must be suspended. We demand that all persons of non-German race who immigrated to Germany after August 2, 1914, immediately leave the Reich.
9) All citizens of the state must have equal rights and responsibilities.
10) The first duty of every German citizen will be to do work, mental or physical. The activities of each citizen should not diverge from the interests of society as a whole, should take place within the framework of society and, therefore, be directed for the common benefit.
11) We demand the declaration of a ruthless war on those whose activities harm the common interests. Crimes against the nation committed by moneylenders, speculators, etc. should be punishable by death, regardless of race or creed. We demand the abolition of unearned income and interest slavery.
12) In view of the enormous loss of life and property demanded of the nation by every war, personal enrichment during war must be considered a crime against the nation. We therefore demand the ruthless confiscation of war profits.
13) We demand the nationalization of industrial trusts.
14) We demand the participation of workers and employees in the profits of large commercial enterprises.
15) We demand a significant increase in pension benefits for the elderly.
16) We demand the creation of a healthy middle class and its preservation, the immediate withdrawal of large stores from private ownership and their rental at low prices to small producers, the strictest consideration to ensure that small producers receive public support everywhere - at the state level, in lands or communities.
17) We demand land reform in accordance with the interests of the German nation, the adoption of a law on the gratuitous confiscation of land for public needs, the cancellation of interest on mortgages, and the prohibition of land speculation.
18) We demand a ruthless fight against crime. We demand the introduction of the death penalty for criminals against the German people, moneylenders, speculators, etc., regardless of social status, religion and nationality.
19) We demand the replacement of Roman law, which serves the interests of the materialist world order, with German popular law.
20) In order to ensure that every capable and diligent German has the opportunity to receive a higher education and occupy a leadership position, the state must take care of the comprehensive, broad development of our entire system of public education. The programs of all educational institutions must be brought into line with the requirements of practical life. From the very beginning of the development of a child’s consciousness, the school must purposefully teach students to understand the idea of ​​the state. We demand that especially talented children of poor parents, regardless of their position in society and occupation, receive an education at the expense of the state.
21) The state must direct all efforts to improve the health of the nation: ensure the protection of motherhood and childhood, prohibit child labor, improve the physical condition of the population by introducing compulsory games and physical exercises, and supporting clubs involved in the physical development of youth.
22) We demand the elimination of mercenary troops and the creation of a people's army.
23) We demand an open political struggle against deliberate political lies and their spread in the press. In order to create a German national press, we demand that:
- all editors and publishers of German newspapers would be German citizens;
- Non-German newspapers must obtain special permission from the state to publish. However, they cannot be published in German;
- Non-German citizens would be prohibited by law from having any financial interest or influence in German newspapers. As punishment for violations of this law, such a newspaper will be banned and foreigners will be immediately deported. We demand the announcement of an irreconcilable struggle against literary and cultural movements that have a corrupting influence on our people, as well as a ban on all activities aimed at this.
24) We demand freedom for all religious denominations in the state as long as they do not pose a threat to it and do not oppose the morals and feelings of the German race. The party as such stands on the position of positive Christianity, but at the same time is not bound by beliefs with any denomination. She fights the Jewish-materialistic spirit within and without us and is convinced that the German nation can achieve permanent healing within itself only on the principles of the priority of general interests over private ones.
25) To accomplish all this we demand: the creation of a strong centralized imperial power. The unquestioned authority of the central political parliament throughout the empire in all its organizations. The creation of estate chambers and chambers of professions to implement the general laws adopted by the empire in individual federal states. Party leaders undertake to ensure the implementation of the above points at any cost, even sacrificing, if necessary, their lives.

The National Socialist Workers' Party was built on a territorial principle and had a pronounced hierarchical structure. At the top of the pyramid of party power stood the Party Chairman, who had absolute power and unlimited powers.

Leaders of the NSDAP:
- Karl Harrer 1919-1920
- Anton Drexler, from February 24, 1920 to July 29, 1921, then honorary chairman;
- Adolf Hitler, from July 29, 1921 to April 30, 1945.

The direct leadership of the party apparatus was carried out by the deputy Fuhrer for the party. From April 21, 1933 to May 10, 1941, he was Rudolf Hess (from September 22, 1933 - simply “Deputy Fuhrer”). Under him, to manage the current party life in June-July 1933, the Staff of the Deputy Fuhrer was created, headed by Martin Bormann). On May 12-13, 1941, the Headquarters of the Deputy Fuhrer was transformed into the Party Chancellery, headed by Martin Bormann. After Rudolf Hess flew to Great Britain on May 10, 1941, a new deputy was not appointed, but in fact he became Martin Bormann, appointed on April 12, 1942 by Hitler’s special order “secretary to the Fuhrer.”

To ensure Hitler's activities as party leader, a personal Office of the Party Leader was created in 1934 under the leadership of Reichsleiter Philip Bowler ( Kanzlei des Führers der NSDAP).

The current management of party work in various areas was carried out by the so-called. "Reichsleitung" - Reich leadership of the National Socialist German Workers' Party ( Reichsleitung der NSDAP), consisting of the main departments of the NSDAP and party services. At the head of such management, as a rule, was the Reichsleiter of the NSDAP (German. Reichsleiter- imperial leader). In their area, the Reichsleiter had no less power than ministers. Many Reichsleiters were also Reich Ministers at the same time.

By 1944, the NSDAP included 9 affiliated unions ( Angeschlossene Verbände), 7 party divisions ( Gliederungen der Partei) and 4 organizations:

Affiliated unions (independent organizations with the rights of legal entities and their own property):
- National Socialist Lawyers' Union (NS-Juristenbund)
- Reichsbund der Deutschen Beamten (Reichsbund der Deutschen Beamten)
- National Socialist Teachers' Union (NS-Lehrerbund)
- National Socialist Society for War Victims (NS-Kriegsopferversorgung)
- National Socialist Association of German Doctors (NSD-Ärztebund)
- National Socialist Union of German Technicians (NS-Bund Deutscher Technik)
- National Socialist Public Welfare (NS-Volkswohlfahrt)
- German Labor Front (die Deutsche Arbeitsfront (DAF))
- Reichsluftschutzbund (Reichsluftschutzbund)

Party divisions:
- Hitlerjugend (HJ)
- Union of German Girls (Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM))
- National Socialist Union of Higher Education Teachers (NS-Deutscher Dozentenbund (NSDD))
- National Socialist Student Union (NS-Deutscher Studentenbund (NSDStB))
- National Socialist Women's Union (NS-Frauenschaft (NSF))
- National Socialist Motor Corps (Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps (NSKK))
- security detachments, SS (Schutzstaffel (SS))
- assault troops (Sturmabteilung (SA))

Organizations:
- National Socialist Cultural Society (NS-Kulturgemeinde)
- Reichsbund der Kinderreichen Deutschlands zum Schütze der Familie (Reichsbund der Kinderreichen Deutschlands zum Schütze der Familie)
- Society of German Communities (Deutscher Gemeindetag)
- “The Labor of German Women” (Das Deutsche Frauenwerk)

In addition, many public organizations created before the founding of the NSDAP and that had no relation to it were renamed, subordinated to party influence, and subordinated to the corresponding Reichsleiter or the corresponding party organization.

The entire territory of Germany was initially divided into 33 party regions (Gaue), which coincided with the electoral districts for the Reichstag. Subsequently, the number of Gau was increased, and in 1941 there were 43 Gau. plus the Foreign Organization of the NSDAP (NSDAP-Auslandsorganisation; AO), equal in rights and responsibilities to the Gau.

In turn, the Gau were divided into districts (Kreise), then local branches (German Ortsgruppen - literally “local group”), cells (Zellen), and so-called blocks (Blocks). The block united from 40 to 60 households. In accordance with the principle of leadership, each organizational unit was headed by a leader - Gauleiter, Kreisleiter, etc. (Gauleiter, Kreisleiter).

To carry out work on the ground, appropriate party apparatuses were created. Party officials had their own uniforms, ranks and insignia.

In 1945, after the surrender of Germany, the NSDAP was declared a criminal organization, banned and dissolved, its property was confiscated, its leaders were convicted, and some were executed.
By decision of the leaders of the leading countries of the anti-fascist coalition, denazification was carried out in Germany, during which the majority of former active members of the NSDAP were subjected to special scrutiny. Many were fired from leadership positions or from socially significant organizations, such as educational institutions.

Yes, the NSDAP got what it deserved...
But this party in the Third Reich was very reminiscent of the you-know-what party in the USSR...

Oh, what a power it was!
Oh, what kind of people there were!
How solemnly - majestic
The sounds of the anthem floated over the world!
Oh, how the faces were open,
How filled with light are the views!
How beautiful the capital was!
How majestic the parades are!
Marching in triumph,
Impeccably beautiful formation,
The youth swore allegiance to their elders,
To battle-hardened heroes -
Not hustlers and scoundrels
They became our idols...
For there lived an idea in people!
The thirst to be at the forefront of the world!
What was so evil?
What we firmly understood
That "comrade" is not just a word,
And does this word sound proud?
In that they were one people,
Firmly welded together by a common faith,
That dignity is not income,
Did they measure it with another measure?
The fact that vulgarity is needed
Have you drowned art in the mud?
Why were the boys attracted to the sky?
What were the girls' feelings?
Oh, how disgusting everything is these days,
Worse, lower and even less frequent:
Let the melody of the anthem be the same
But where is the impulse and idea?
And the most unbearable grief
In the impossibility of reconciliation
Not with the loss of territories,
But with the loss of generations!
No matter how puffed up these faces are,
Is there any place for hope with them?
Oh, how different it all is
To the country that we knew before!
That she was young, winged,
Strength increased year after year,
Where people respected a soldier
And the soldier was proud of the people.
The one where the distances were bright,
The one where the open spaces were clear...
What kind of movie were they filming?
Our best directors!
And what songs rang!
How they straightened your shoulders!
How we walked under them together
Early in the morning towards the dawn!
These songs are about the main things in life:
About freedom, dreams, flight,
About love for our dear fatherland,
About work, which is always held in high esteem,
And about girls with flowers
Blooming under the May sun,
And about my mother waiting for us at home,
And about a land familiar from childhood,
And about honor and courage,
And about a faithful, reliable friend...
And the flags glowed above us
With a black swastika in a white circle.

Yuri Nesterenko

***
Hofbräuhaus (German) Hofbräuhaus) is the world's most famous beer hall in Munich. Located on Platzl ( Platzl), not far from the central square of the city - Marienplatz.

The first building was built in 1607 by the Bavarian Duke Maximilian I to expand the court brewery. The building was opened to the public in 1828 by King Ludwig I. The old building was completely rebuilt in 1897 when the brewery moved to the suburbs (Hofbräukeller). As a result of damage received during World War II, the building was severely damaged (only the first floor remained intact). The building was completely restored only in 1958.

The Hofbräuhaus beer hall was visited by many historical figures, including Lenin And Hitler. Most notably, on February 24, 1920, Adolf Hitler organized the first of many large public events of the Nazi Party that would take place there at the Hofbräuhaus. During his speech, he proclaimed twenty-five points that became the program of the Nazi Party. This date is considered the date of the formation of the NSDAP and has been celebrated annually since 1933 at the Hofbrauhaus.

The Hofbräuhaus includes a large hall on the ground floor, in which a brass band plays in the evenings (mainly traditional Bavarian music), several smaller halls on the second and third floors, and a beer garden. The menu includes Bavarian dishes such as roast pork, pork knee and Munich white sausages. Beer (helles) is served in liter mugs (Massah). The Hofbräuhaus is popular among both foreigners and locals. In 1935, the Hofbräuhaus anthem was composed: “In München steht ein Hofbräuhaus, oans, zwoa, g’suffa!”(“This is the Hofbrauhaus in Munich - one, two, drink!”).

NATIONAL SOCIALIST GERMAN WORKERS PARTY - an extremist, ultra-nationalist party in Germany in 1919/1920-1945, the political bearer and conductor of the ideology of National Socialism.

It appeared on 01/05/1919 in Munich under the name “German Labor Party” as a result of the ob-e-di-ne-niya 2 car-li- of political or-ga-ni-za-tions - the Committee of Un-for-vi-si-my workers (chairman A. Drex-ler) and Political Work -what soyu-for (chairman K. Har-rer). To-lu-chi-la-news-ness and at-cha-la-to-vo-vo-va-t-ly-tiche-zi-tions since September 1919 after joining her A. Git-le-ra, su-me-she-significance-but expand the number of her parties. 02/24/1920 the name was re-named to the NSDAP, then its program (“25 points”) was published, developed bo-tan-naya Drex-le-rom and Git-le-rom.

In subsequent years, this program was actually put into oblivion, a programmable do-ku-men Parties became the book of Git-le-ra “My Struggle” (“Mein Kampf”, 1924; 2nd part - “Zwei-tes Buch”, 1928). The NSDAP considers itself as a great-German political movement, an organization for the military special image and ori-en-ti-ro-van-noe on the unpre-worded sub-chi-ne-nie of the av-to-ri-te-tu Git-le-ra as “fyu-re-ra” (in the name of) this movement and the German nation as a whole. In 1923, the NSDAP attempted to seize power (see “Beer Hall Putsch”), after which it was . The action will continue under the name "Ve-li-ko-German people's society", then - "National -socia-lististic movement of freedom of Ve-li-ko-ger-ma-nii.” On February 27, 1925, the NSDAP was re-established under the former name Emb-le-my NSDAP from the spring of 1920; the central printed organ since December 1920 is the newspaper “Völkischer Beobachter”.

By the beginning of the 1930s, the NSDAP had turned into a mass party (by January 1933 - 1.4 million, by 1945 - from 7.5 to 8.5 million members -new), the best in the world's economic crisis of 1929-1933 and the des-ta-bi-li-za -tion of the re-zhi-ma of the Wei-Mar republic-pub-li-ki active support-ku from-bi-ra-te-ley (in July 1932 - 37.4% , in March 1933 - 43.9%). With the name of the Git-le-ra Reichs-Kanz-le-r in January 1933 and until May 1945, the ruling party (since July 1933, the unified vein is resolved in the country of the party).

NSDAP pre-ten-do-va-la for the role of the “people's party”, representing the in-te-re-sy of all layers and social groups of the German nation -le-nia. However, bu-du-chi by the name of “worker”, relied primarily on the average word. The main con- tin-gent of its members, func- tio-not-ditches and from-bi-ra-te-leys co-stav-la-li city small traders and craftsmen -ni-ki, middle and small ranks and servants. Since 1928, the party has been supporting the same rural areas. After 1930, the share of workers among members of the NSDAP was about 30% (mostly those who were not members of the trade unions of the li-fi-tsirovannyh workers and under-mass-te-rya, employed in small and medium-sized enterprises). Since the beginning of the 1930s, the party has received powerful financial support for German large-scale industrial and banking companies. ta-la, large-land-owners.

In organizational terms, the NSDAP was built on a territorial principle and had a hierarchical structure -ru (finally formed by the beginning of the 1940s). At the head of the NSDAP was the “Führer”, who had his own kan-tse-la-ri-ey (“kan-tse-la-ria fu-re-ra”). Management of desks. ap-pa-ra-tom was carried out by the “deputy of the fu-re-ra” (in 1933-1941, R. Hess), who also had his own headquarters (in May 1941, “headquarters deputy fyu-re-ra" was promoted to the "party can-ce-la-ria", which was headed by M. Bor-man, appointed -ny in 1943 also “sec-re-ta-rem fyu-re-ra”).

The leadership of party work on various rights-le-ni-yams was included in the company "im-per-sko-go-ru-ko-vo" -Dstva NSDAP", one of the main departments and various types of party services, headed by the "Reichs-lay-te-ra-mi" ( by 1944 - 18 people), some of whom have power and control I’m not-so-mediocre-but “fyu-re-ru.” The territory of Germany was divided into party regions (“Gau”; by 1941 - 43 “Gau”; according to the sta-tu-su, “Gau” was assigned to was also equal to the Trans-Russian organization of the NSDAP), which was headed by “Gau-lay-te-ra-mi” (since 1942 they had Is it the same status “Reichs-ko-mis-sa-row ob-ro-ny”). “Gau” under-raz-de-la-lis on ok-ru-ga at the head with “kreis-lay-te-ra-mi”, ok-ru-ga - on “local groups” py", lastly - to "cells", and those - to "blocks". Each subdivision in the NSDAP hierarchy had its own party ap-para-t, and party officials - ranks, uniforms mu and the signs are different.

There would be special “under-de-le-ni-mi” of the NSDAP “assault detachments” (see SA) and “guard detachments” "(see SS) led by G. Gimm-lehr. In addition to them, by 1944, the NSDAP included 5 more “sub-raz-de-le-niy” (Git-le-ru-gend, Union of German girls, National-tsio-nal-so-tsia-lististic German students' union, National-tsio-nal-so-tsia-ly-stistic women's union, National-tsio-nal-so -cya-listical corps av-to-mo-bi-listov, National-tsio-nal-so-tsia-listic union pre-da-va-te-ley high- shey schools), 4 “or-ga-ni-za-tions” (Na-tsio-nal-so-tsia-lististic cultural society, Imperial so- use of many children of Germany in defense of the family, German Congress of Communities, Association of German Women) and 9 “union-di- non-unions" (German Labor Front, National-National-So-Cia-Listical Unions of Lawyers, Servants, Teachers) lei, doctors, technicians, etc.). In general, according to various estimates, up to 95 public organizations and unions operate under the control of the NSDAP in Germany.

Imperial party congresses (about -were in 1923 in Munich, in 1926 in Weimar, in 1927, 1929, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938 in Nuremberg; with the beginning of the Second World War, the holding of congresses was time-but-stopped; see Nurem-Berg-congress -dy).

Hitler in the role of the Reich Chancellor and the NSDAP, after coming to power, had an op-re-de-la-ing influence on the formation peace of internal and external in Germany. With the adoption of 12/01/1933, the Law on ensuring the unity of the party and the state government of the NSDAP upon re-re- la sta-tus “inextricably connected with the state-su-dar-st-vom no-si-tel-ni-tsy of the German state mouse-le-tion” and was-la becoming in political terms higher than the state ap-pa-ra-ta. However, there was no legalization for her. The strongest political influence on the state ap-para-t party oka-zy-va-la through the organization of the SS, member-st. -in which it was obligatory for senior government officials. In the command of the NSDAP in Git-le-rov-Germany, through the direct leadership of the state political-li-ti-coy, na-ho - all the pro-gan-di-st-skaya and educational work, training of party cadres, implementation of -li-tical and ideological control over the na-se-le-ni-em, its mo-bi-li-za-tion to fight for the reality of the pro- gram-targets for na-tsio-nal-so-cya-liz-ma.

After the re-ra-zation of Germany in the Second World War and the oc-ku-pa-tion of its territory by the military countries of the an-ti -Git-le-rov-skaya coalition of the NSDAP, together with the entry-div-shi-mi into its composition “under-raz-de-le-niya-mi”, “or-ga-ni” -za-tsiya-mi" and "at-so-di-niv-shi-mi-sya soyu-za-mi" in conjunction with the law No. 2 of the union- no Control of the Council in Germany dated 10.10.1945 was prohibited. The Inter-people's military tri-bu-nal, which took place in Nuremberg, recognized the NSDAP as a criminal organization in October 1946 -tsi-ey.

National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (National-Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei), NSDAP, a reactionary party created in 1920 by Hitler that ruled Germany until the defeat of the Third Reich in 1945.

In October 1918, the leadership of the Thule Society instructed two of its members - journalist Karl Harrer and mechanic Anton Drexler - to create a political workers' circle, the task of which would be to expand the sphere of influence of this society on workers. Simultaneously with the creation of the circle, Anton Drexler restored the German Workers' Party (DAP), to one of whose meetings on September 12, 1919 Adolf Hitler was sent as an informant, who liked the postulates and slogans of the party. Captain Ernst Röhm, who served as a political adviser at Franz von Epp's headquarters, had read Hitler's report on this meeting and instructed Hitler to join the DAP and take over its leadership.

Hitler made his first report on October 16, 1919 to an audience of 111 people. First, he outlined his vision of a “Greater Germany”, then he used his signature move - he declared Marxists, Jews and other “enemies” of Germany guilty of its defeat. “We don’t forgive, we want revenge,” he said. At his next speech on November 13, 1919, Hitler emphasized that “the poverty of the Germans must be eliminated with German weapons. This time must come.” He demanded the return of the colonies lost to Germany under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, calling this treaty “barbaric.” During this and subsequent speeches, Hitler did not limit himself to demanding the return of pre-war territories, but insisted on the annexation of new ones.

On February 20, 1920, the German Workers' Party was renamed the National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany. Its first public meeting took place four days later in a Munich beer hall. On February 24, 1920, Hitler presented a party program consisting of 25 points.

The NSDAP program did not differ from the postulates of most German parties. It proclaimed the need to annul the Treaty of Versailles, the return of “lost” lands, the unification of “all Germans,” i.e., the usurpation of the right to intervene in the internal affairs of other states where ethnic Germans lived, opposition to the international Jewish financial elite, refusal to pay reparations, the demand for “the fight against the policy of lies and its implementation through the press,” the closure of newspapers that opposed the NSDAP, the creation of a “national army,” which meant the revival of Germany’s military power, etc.

On the eve of 1921, the NSDAP had about 3 thousand members, but after two years its number increased 10 times.

On July 21, 1921, Hitler, in the form of an ultimatum, demanded for himself the post of chairman of the party with unlimited rights, threatening, in case of refusal, to leave its ranks. On July 29, 1921 he was elected the first chairman of the NSDAP. Anton Drexler received the post of honorary chairman. A new charter of the NSDAP was adopted, which affirmed the “principle of Fuhrership,” that is, unconditional subordination to the Fuhrer. In the wake of the acute economic crisis in the country and growing discontent, the ideas of militarism and nationalism, the proclamation of the “historical mission of the Germans as a master race,” the social base of the NSDAP rapidly expanded, attracting thousands of young people from different estates and classes with its dynamism and populism. In addition, the personnel reserve of the NSDAP consisted of all kinds of paramilitary associations and veterans' unions dissolved by government decree, for example, the German People's Union for Defense and Offensive, the Pan-German Union, etc.

On January 27-29, 1923, the first congress of the NSDAP took place in Munich. Its culminating moment was Hitler’s consecration of the NSDAP banner and the procession of 6 thousand SA militants.

By the fall of 1923, the NSDAP had over 55 thousand members.

After the Nazi coup attempt in Munich, Bavarian Commissioner General Gustav von Kahr signed a decree banning the NSDAP. Nevertheless, the popularity of the party continued to grow, and at the December elections of 1924, 40 NSDAP deputies already sat in the Reichstag. In addition, new Nazi organizations were created under changed names:

The Great German People's Community (created by Julius Streicher), the People's Bloc, the National Socialist Liberation Movement, etc. In February 1925, the activities of the NSDAP were again legalized, but a split occurred in the party leadership on issues of tactics - on the degree of nationalism and socialism in the Nazi movement. At the conference of leaders of Nazi organizations in Germany, held in Bamberg on February 14, 1926 (Bamberg Party Conference), a fierce struggle broke out between the left and right wings of the NSDAP. Although internal party contradictions were never eliminated, the general meeting of the Munich district of the NSDAP on May 22, 1926 unanimously elected Hitler as its leader.

On February 26, 1925, publication of the printed organ of the NSDAP, the newspaper Völkischer Beobachter, resumed. At the same time, Goebbels, who went over to Hitler's side, founded the Angrif magazine. The theoretical organ of the NSDAP, the National Socialist Monthly, began to be published.

On July 3, 1926, the NSDAP congress took place in Weimar, at which Hitler announced a change in party tactics: in contrast to the opinion of the “old fighters” who preferred terrorist methods of fighting political opponents, he recommended party members to participate in elections and become members of the Reichstag and Landtags (landers). parliaments). However, he still considered the main tasks of his party to be the fight against communism and criticism of the Treaty of Versailles. At the same time, Hitler tried in every possible way to attract the attention of major industrial and financial figures in Germany to his party. An expression of confidence in it from representatives of the business community was the entry into the NSDAP of famous entrepreneurs Wilhelm Kappler, Emil Kirdorff, editor of the influential Berlin Stock Exchange Newspaper Walter Funk, Chairman of the Reichsbank Hjalmar Schacht and many others, who, among other things, contributed huge sums of money to the party fund.

In the context of a deepening economic crisis and rapidly growing unemployment (in October 1932 there were 7 million 300 thousand unemployed), dissatisfaction with the policies of the Social Democrats grew in the country. Many social groups are facing the threat of losing the foundations of their existence. Desperate small producers increasingly blamed parliamentary democracy for their woes and believed that the way out of the crisis lay in strengthening state power and creating a one-party government. These demands were supported by large businessmen and bankers, who subsidized the election campaigns of the NSDAP and associated personal and national aspirations with Hitler and his party, seeing in the Nazi movement, first of all, a reliable barrier against communism.

The NSDAP appeal dated March 1, 1932 said: “Hitler is the motto for everyone who believes in the revival of Germany... Hitler will win, because the people want his victory...” On July 31, 1932, at the next elections to the Reichstag, the NSDAP received 230 mandates ( Social Democrats - 133, Communists - 89 seats), becoming the largest faction in parliament.

By January 30, 1933, when Hitler was proclaimed Chancellor of Germany, the NSDAP numbered about 850 thousand people. Mostly they came from a bourgeois environment. Workers made up one third of the total, about half of them unemployed. Over the next five months, the party's size tripled to 2.5 million. The NSDAP apparatus expanded. In the fall of 1938, there were 41 Gauleiter, 808 Kreisleiter, 28,376 Ortsgruppenleiter, 89,378 Zellenleiter and 463,048 Blockleiter in the Reich. In total, the party apparatus by this time consisted of over 580 thousand full-time leaders at all levels. From that moment on, the Nazification of the state apparatus began, which continued throughout the years of the existence of the Third Reich. It was carried out in two ways: members of the NSDAP were appointed to leadership positions in the administration at various levels, in the police, in the army, or the NSDAP took over the functions of government bodies or established control and supervision over them. The formal basis for this was the “Law on Ensuring the Unity of the Party and State” adopted on December 1, 1933.

In addition, direct political control was exercised within the party itself and in organizations controlled by it (for example, Hitler Youth, SA, SS, Students' Association, etc.). The “principle of the Fuhrer”, which excluded collegiality, was manifested in the fact that from 1921 until the last days of the NSDAP’s existence, meetings of the leadership were not held even in a narrow circle. Only meetings of Reichsleiter and Gauleiter were held, and even then irregularly, at which Hitler conveyed decisions to them for implementation. The position of the Gauleiters depended directly on the confidence of the Fuhrer, for only he had the right to appoint and remove them (from 1933 to 1945, only 6 Gauleiters were removed from their posts, having fallen out of favor with the Fuhrer for various reasons). “The will of the Fuhrer for the party is the highest law,” stated the official publication of the NSDAP (1940).

On the basis of the “Emergency Powers Law”, the activities of trade unions were banned (in their place the German Labor Front was created), many trade union activists were arrested, newspapers and magazines of democratic orientation were closed, the activities of most political parties were banned, including the SPD, the KPD, the German Center Party , Catholic People's Party, German National People's Party, etc. The NSDAP became the only political force in Germany, which was reflected in the government statement of July 14, 1933, which stated that attempts to preserve previous political parties or create new ones would be punishable by imprisonment or imprisonment. forced labor camps.

The events of the “Night of the Long Knives,” when many leaders and ordinary members of the SA were physically eliminated, demanding the previously promised second stage of social change, the “continuation of the revolution,” ended the struggle within the NSDAP and became a factor making it easier for Hitler to implement his far-reaching expansionist plans. The Reich's economy began to be put on a war footing.

In order to propagate Nazi ideas among the population and demonstrate national unity, the NSDAP constantly organized magnificent and crowded celebrations and celebrations, for example, Hero’s Day (March 1), National Labor Day (May 1), Harvest Festival, etc. The same goals were subordinated to The Nuremberg party congresses, held in 1933-38 in the first ten days of September in Nuremberg, did not have any influence on the general line of the party, but were only a spectacular propaganda event.

After the outbreak of World War II, party work became widespread in the armed forces, in particular, the institution of Nazi commissars in the troops was created. At the Nuremberg trials, the leadership of the NSDAP and many of its services were recognized as criminal, and their activities were prohibited.

Program of the National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany ("25 points").

1. The unification of all Germans within the borders of Greater Germany.

2. Refusal of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and confirmation of Germany’s right to independently build relations with other nations.

3. Demand for additional territories for food production and settlement of the increasing German population ("Lebensraum").

4. Granting citizenship based on race; Jews cannot be German citizens.

5. Non-Germans in Germany are only guests and subjects of the relevant laws.

6. Appointment to official positions cannot be made on the basis of nepotism, but only in accordance with abilities and qualifications.

7. Ensuring the living conditions of citizens is the primary responsibility of the state. If government resources are insufficient, non-citizens should be excluded from receiving benefits.

8. The entry of non-Germans into the country must be stopped.

9. Participation in elections is the right and responsibility of all citizens.

10. Every citizen is obliged to work for the common good.

11. Illegally obtained profits are subject to confiscation.

12. All profits gained from the war are subject to confiscation.

13. All large enterprises must be nationalized.

14. Participation of workers and employees in profits in all large industries.

15. A decent old-age pension.

16. It is necessary to support small producers and traders; big stores should be handed over to them.

17. Land tenure reform and ending land speculation.

18. Ruthless criminal punishment for crimes and the introduction of the death penalty for profiteering.

19. Common Roman law should be replaced by "Germanic law".

20. Complete reorganization of the national educational system.

21. The state is obliged to support motherhood and encourage the development of youth.

22. Replacement of the mercenary professional army with a national army; introduction of universal conscription.

23. Only Germans can own the media; Non-Germans are prohibited from working in them.

24. Freedom of religion, with the exception of religions dangerous to the German race; the party does not commit itself to any exclusive creed, but fights against Jewish materialism.

25. A strong central government capable of effectively implementing legislation.