The table of formation of plural forms of nouns was compiled by student Alexandra Arzamastseva
In German, as well as in Russian, a noun has a singular (Singular) and a plural (Plural).
To form the plural in German, the following means are used:
1. Suffixes –e, –(e)n, -er, -s:
der Tisch – die Tische (table-tables)
die Zeitung – die Zeitungen (newspapers)
das Bild - die Bilder (picture-paintings)
der Klub - die Klubs (club-clubs)
2. Umlaut of the root vowel “a, o, u”:
der Sohn - die Söhne (son-sons)
der Vater – die Väter (father-fathers)
3. Plural article:
der Orden - die Orden (order-order)
der Wagen – die Wagen (car-cars)
In most cases, these means are combined, for example: das Kind - die Kinder (child - children); das Buch- die Bücher (book- books).
There are five types of plural formation in German, depending on the plural suffixes.
Each type of plural formation includes nouns of one kind or another.
I type of plural formation
A characteristic feature of type I is the suffix -e in the plural and in some cases the umlaut of the root vowel “o, u, a”. This type forms the plural:
1) Most nouns are masculine:
a) der Berg (mountain) - die Berge
der Pilz (mushroom) - die Pilze
der Preis (price) - die Preise
der Pelz (fur coat) - die Pelze
der Ring (ring) - die Ringe
der Krieg (war) - die Kriege
der Tisch (table) – die Tische
der Hof (yard) - die Höfe
der Kopf (head) - die Köpfe
der Kampf (struggle) - die Kämpfe
der Raum (room) – die Räume
der Stuhl (chair) – die Stühle, etc.
b) der General (general) – die Generale
der Offizier (officer) – die Offziere
der Ingenieur (engineer) – die Ingenieure
der Pionier (pioneer) - die Pioniere, etc.
2) some neuter nouns:
a) das Beispiele (example) – die Beispiele
das Heft (notebook) – die Hefte
das Bein (leg) – die Beine
das Ereignis(event)- die Ereignisse
b) das Diktat (dictation) – die Diktate
das Dokument (document) – die Dokumente
das Lineal (ruler) –die Lineale
das Objekt (addition) – die Objekte
das Resultat (result) – die Resultate
das Substantiv (noun) - die Substantive
3) some monosyllabic feminine nouns:
die Bank (bench) - die Bänke
die Frucht (fruit) - die Früchte
die Gans (goose) - die Gänse
die Kraft (strength) – die Krafte
die Kuh (cow) - die Kühe
die Macht (strength) – die Mächte
die Maus (mouse) - die Mäuse
die Nuss (walnut) – die Nüsse
die Stadt (city) – die Städte
die Wand (wall) – die Wände, etc.
II type of plural formation
A characteristic feature of type II is the suffix –(e)n in the plural. This type forms the plural:
1. all polysyllabic and most monosyllabic feminine nouns:
a) die Tafel (board) – die Tafeln
die Klasse (class) – die Klassen
die Tür (door) – die Türen
die Lehrerin (teacher) – die Lehrerinnen
b) die Fakultät (faculty) – die Fakultäten
die Revolution (revolution) – die Revolutionen, etc.
2. Some masculine nouns:
a) ending in –e:
der Junge (boy) – die Jungen
der Russe (Russian) - die Russen
der Name (name) – die Namen
der Buchstabe (letter) – die Buchstaben
b) the following words:
der Held (hero) - die Helden
der Mensch (person) – die Menschen, etc.,
der Nachbar (neighbor) – die Nachbarn
der Staat (state) – die Staaten
der Vetter (cousin) – die Vettern
c) words with foreign suffixes –at, -ant, –et, – ent, -ist, etc. (with emphasis on the suffix, usually denoting male persons)
der Soldat (soldier) – die Soldaten
der Aspirant (graduate student) – die Aspiranten
der Prolet (proletarian) – die Proleten
der Student (student) –die Studenten
der Kommunist (communist) – die Kommunisten
3. Group of neuter nouns:
das Auge (eye) – die Augen
das Ohr (ear) – die Ohren
das Bett (bed) – die Betten
das Ende (end) – die Enden
das Hemd (end) – die Hemden
das Interesse (interest) – die Interessen
das Herz (heart) - die Herzen
das Insekt (insect) – die Insekten
III type of plural formation
A characteristic feature of type III is the suffix –er in the plural and in some cases the umlaut of the root vowel “o, u, a”. This type forms the plural:
1. Most nouns are neuter:
das Bild (picture) - die Bilder
das Brett (board) – die Bretter
das Kleid (dress) – die Kleider
das Lied (song) - die Lieder and others.
das Buch (book)– die Bücher
das Fach (item)- die Fächer
das Dach (roof) - die Dächer
das Haus (house) – die Häuser
das Volk (people) - die Völker and others.
2. A small group of masculine nouns:
der Mann (man) – die Männer
der Rand (edge) – die Ränder
der Wald (forest) – die Wälder
der Mund (mouth) - die Münder, etc.
IV type of plural formation
A characteristic feature is the absence of a suffix, without an umlaut and with an umlaut of the root vowel. This type forms the plural:
1. All masculine nouns ending in –er, -el, en:
der Lehrer (teacher)-die Lehrer
der Schüler (student) - die Schüler
der Onkel (uncle) – die Onkel
der Bruder (brother) – die Brüder
der Mantel (coat) - die Mäntel
der Garten (garden) - die Gärten
der Hafen (harbour) – die Häfen, etc.
2. All nouns are neuter:
a) on – er, -el, -en:
das Banner (banner) – die Banner
das Fenster (window) – die Fenster
das Messer (knife) – die Messer
das Zeichen (sign) - die Zeichen, etc.
b) with suffixes – chen, – lein:
das Stühlchen (high chair) – die Stühlchen
das Tischlein (table) – die Tischlein, etc.
c) with the prefix -Ge and suffix –e:
das Gebäude (building) – die Gebäude
das Gebirge (mountains) – die Gebirge, etc.
2. two feminine nouns:
die Mutter (mother) – die Mütter
die Tochter (daughter) – die Tochter
V type of plural formation
A characteristic feature of type V is the ending –s. This type forms the plural:
1. masculine and neuter nouns, borrowed mainly from English and French:
male
der Klub (club)– die Klubs
der Chef (chief, chief) – die Chefs
neuter
das Auto (car) – die Autos
das Café (cafe) – die Cafés
das Hotel (hotel) – die Hotels
das Kino (cinema) – die Kinos
das Sofa (sofa) – die Sofas
2. suffix is added to compound words:
der VEB (people's enterprise) – die VEBs
die LPG (agricultural production cooperative) – die LPGs
3. personal names, when they denote the name of an entire family or several persons bearing the same first or last name:
die Millers (Miller family)
Special cases of forming the plural of nouns:
Masculine:
der Bus (bus) – die Busse
der Typ (type) – die Typen
der Kursus (course) – die Kurse
Neuter gender:
das Museum (museum) – die Museen
das Prinzip (principle) – die Prinzipien
das Thema (theme) – die Themen
das Stadion (stadium) – die Stadien
das Drama (drama) – die Dramen
das Datum(date) – die Daten
das Verb (verb) – die Verben
das Auditorium (audience) – die Auditotorien
das Laborarium (laboratory) – die Laboratorien
das Studium (lesson) – die Studien
Expressing the plural using word-formation devices:
der Seemann – die Seeleute
der Bergmann – die Bergleute
der Kaufmann – die Kaufleute, etc.
der Rat – die Ratschläge
der Mord – die Mordtaten
der Regen – die Regenfälle
In German, nouns can be divided into 3 types:
Nouns having only singular number. These include real names And many abstract and collective (die Milch, das Fleisch, der Schnee; die Kälte, die Geduld)
Nouns having plural only(die Leute, die Geschwister, die Eltern)
Nouns , having the only thing And plural. Theirmajority. (der Tisch - die Tische, das Kind - die Kinder, die Frau - die Frauen).
Nouns of the 1st and 2nd types do not always correspond to similar words in the Russian language.
For education plural in German there are 3 grammatical means :
Article, which, in the absence of other grammatical means, is the only sign of the plural of nouns: das Zimmer - die Zimmer, der Arbeiter - die Arbeiter
Umlautrootvowels: der Wald - die Wälder, die Hand - die Hände, der Viertel - die Viertel
Suffixes: — e, — en, — er, — s, as well as the zero suffix: der Tisch - die Tisch e, die Frau - die Frau en, das Kind - die Kind er das Handy - die Handy s, der Arbeiter - die Arbeiter( 0 )
Based on these suffixes in German they stand out 5 ways education plural nouns:
Using a suffix -e(with or without umlaut)
Using a suffix -en(without umlaut)
Using a suffix -er(with umlaut)
Using a suffix -s(with or without umlaut)
Without suffix (with or without umlaut)
1. With suffix -e
most nouns male ( derTag — dieTage, derHund — dieHunde). The root vowels of this group of nouns are often taken in the plural umlaut ( der Gast - die G ä st e, der Stuhl - die St ü hl e)
many nouns neuter (do not accept umlaut). In this group: monosyllabic nouns (das Jahr - die Jahr e),With nouns with suffix-nis, which is subsequently doubled (das Ergebnis-die Ergeb nisse),internationalisms on-ent, -at, -phon, -ut, -um, -et, -em ( das Probl em- die Problem e)
small group of nouns female (accept umlaut) ( die Hand - die H ä nd e, die Bank - die B ä nk e)
2. With a suffix -(e) n in German they form the plural:
most nouns female. In this group: polysyllabic nouns (Zeitung - die Zeitungen), as well as nouns with suffixes-e, -el, -er( die Bloom e-die Bloom en, die Schwest er- die Schwester n), some monosyllabic nouns (die Frau - die Frau en die Form - die Form en), And Internationalisms with suffixes-ie, — (t)ät, -tion, -ik, -ur, -anz, -enz, -age, -a
all nouns male weak declination (der Mensch - die Mensch en, der Herr - die Herr en)
some nouns masculine strong declension, including nouns ending in - or(der Motor - die Motor en der Doktor - die Doktor en )
some nouns neuter , including internationalisms with suffixes -um, -ion, -a ( das Muse um—die Muse en das Them a— die Them en). At the same time, borrowed words with the suffix -um,when forming the plural, they lose this suffix.
-(e)n,Umlaut is not accepted.
3. With suffix -e r in German they form the plural:
most monosyllabic nouns neuter (das Kind - die Kinder, das Lied - die Lieder, das Buch - die Bü ch er)
small group of nouns male (der Mann - die Männer, derWald - dieWä lder )
Nouns that are pluralized using a suffix -er, acceptumlaut.
4. With a suffix - s in German they form the plural:
a small group of loanwords male And neuter (der Klub - die Klub s, das Auto - die Auto s)
5. Without a suffix in German they form the plural:
nouns male And neuter , ending in — el, -er, -en( der Vater - die Vater, das Ufer- die Uf er das Mitt el- die Mitt el). In masculine nouns of this group of words, the root vowels can take the plural umlaut. Neuter nouns do not accept umlaut.
nounsneuter with diminutive suffixes-chen, -lein( das Mäd chen—die Mäd chen das Frau lein—die Frau lein)
nounsneuter with attachment -ge and suffix -e( das Gemüse - die Gemüse)
two feminine nouns (die Mutter - die Mü tt er, die Tochter - die T ö cht er)
Some nouns that have two meanings have two plural forms:
- die Bank (bench) – die Bänke (bench)
- die Bank (bank) – die Banken (banks)
- der Rat - council (authority) - die Räte - advice
- der Rat - advice (instruction) - die Ratschläge - advice (instruction)
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der Fisch (fish) die Fisch e(fish)
die Blume (flower) die Bloom en(flowers)
das Kind (child) die Kind er(children)
In the plural we already see only one definite article: die.
So, die– not only a feminine definite article, but also a plural definite article. Die Kinder- those very specific children. How can I just say children, some children? Word ein(e)(indefinite article) is not suitable here, since it itself means one: ein Kind – one (some) child. That's why some children it will be easy Kinder- without article. There is no plural indefinite article; indefiniteness is expressed by the absence of an article:
Im Hof spielen Kinder. - Children are playing in the yard.
Ich kenne die Kinder. – I know these children.
In the plural there is one article for all three genders. But at the same time, the gender is not completely dissolved; it is visible in the plural endings. Look again at the examples. Masculine words receive a plural ending -e, female – ending -(e)n (die Frau – die Frauen) or, for words ending in -in, ending -nen (die Ärztin (female doctor) – die Ärztin nen), neuter words - ending -er. But, as it is said in Faust:
Grau, teurer Freund, ist Theorie
Und grün des Lebens goldner Baum.
(Suha, my friend, theory is everywhere,
And the tree of life is lushly green!)
For example:
der Mann (man) – die Männer,
die Stadt (city) – die Städte,
das Gespräch (conversation) – die Gespräche…
Since there are a lot of such deviations from the “gray theory”, the plural, like the gender, needs to be remembered for each individual word. (This, however, does not cause any special problems: you only have to encounter this plural of a word a couple of times, and it you will remember).
As they say, a drowning man clutches at straws. Here is one of those straws.
If the word ends in -e, then it most likely forms the plural by adding -n: der Junge (boy) – die Jungen.
If the word is feminine, then you can also be almost sure that in the plural it will receive the ending -(e)n. With the exception of a small group of monosyllabic words that receive reversals - Umlaut(a -> ä) and ending -e:
die Hand (hand) – die Hände, die Stadt (city) – die Städte, die Maus (mouse) – die Mäuse…
Remember also two special cases:
die Tochter (daughter), die Mutter (mother) – die Töchter, die Mütter.
Please note that words borrowed from English or French most often receive (or rather, simply retain) the plural form. -s:
der Park – die Parks, die Bar – die Bars, das Büro – die Büros.
But not always. Some of them “Germanized”, that is, they ceased to be perceived as foreign and received German plural endings:
die Bank (bank) – die Banken, der Bus (bus) – die Busse, das Telefon – die Telefone.
Masculine and neuter words ending in -en, –er(and these are plural endings!) and on -el, as well as words with diminutive suffixes, do not receive any endings in the plural:
das Tischlein (table) – die Tischlein,
der Wagen (machine) – die Wagen,
der Fahrer (driver) – die Fahrer,
der Schlüssel (key) – die Schlüssel.
If the ending -er or -el has a feminine word, it adds in the plural -n(according to the general rule for feminine words):
die Schwester (sister) – die Schwestern,
die Kartoffel (potato) – die Kartoffeln.
There are exceptions, for example: der Muskel – die Muskeln (muscles), der Pantoffel – die Pantoffeln (slippers), der Stachel – die Stacheln (stings; thorns, thorns), der Bayer – die Bayern (Bavarians).
So the plural ending may not change. But a discrepancy may “unexpectedly” appear - Umlaut, which, as you may have already noticed, often helps form the plural:
der Hafen (port) – die Häfen, der Apfel (apple) – die Äpfel, der Garten (garden) – die Gärten, das Kloster (monastery) – die Klöster. This needs to be remembered.
Most masculine nouns form their plural using the ending -e. In this case, a reversal often appears (Umlaut): der Tag – die Tage (day – days), der Sohn – die Söhne (son – sons).
With a "feminine" ending -en The plural is formed, firstly, by the so-called weak masculine nouns (which will be discussed below), and secondly, by a small group of words that need to be taken into account “as they come,” for example: der Staat (state) – die Staaten, der Nerv – die Nerven, der Schmerz (pain) – die Schmerzen…
Some masculine words (there are not many of them) form the plural with a “genderless”, “neutral” (neuter) ending -er: der Wald (forest) – die Wälder, der Mann (man) – die Männer, der Irrtum (delusion) – die Irrtümer…
Most monosyllabic neuter nouns are pluralized using a suffix -er(always with Umlaut, wherever possible):
das Land (country) – die Länder, das Buch (book) – die Bücher, das Lied (song) – die Lieder.
With a "feminine" ending -en The following neuter nouns form the plural:
das Bett (bed, bed) – die Betten, das Hemd (shirt), das Ohr (ear), das Auge (eye).
And also (less common): das Insekt (insect), das Juwel (jewel), das Verb (verb).
In case of das Auge and so it is clear: if a word ends in -e, then in the plural it is added -n(as a general rule). For example: das Interesse – die Interessen. But there are exceptions: das Knie (knee) – die Knie, as well as words like das Ge bäud e(building, structure) – die Gebäude, das Ge Birg e(mountainous area) – die Gebirge…
Some neuter words with atypical plurals have -en, this ending replaces the singular suffix and slightly changes the word itself: das Museum – die Museen, das Stadion – die Stadien, das Album – die Alben, das Datum – die Daten (date – dates; data), das Thema – die Themen, das Drama – die Dramen, das Prinzip – die Prinzipien, das Material – die Materialien, das Virus – die Viren, das Visum – die Visa (die Visen).(In the latter case, there are two plurals: the old Latin and the new “Germanized.”)
Many neuter nouns form the plural with a “masculine” ending -e(this is where you really have to remember!). The only consolation is that they never have Umlaut:
das Pferd (horse) – die Pferde, das Jahr (year) – die Jahre, das Werk (plant, work) – die Werke.
And here there is a “straw”: words of foreign origin (mostly Latin, which you can easily recognize by their “internationality”) receive a “masculine” ending in the plural -e:
das Modell - die Modelle, das Element - die Elemente, das Diplom - die Diplome.
Words with the suffix do the same -nis(regardless of their type):
das Hindernis – die Hindernisse (obstacles), die Kenntnis – die Kenntnisse (knowledge).
You see they add one more -s-. This is done in order to preserve the pronunciation (otherwise it would be pronounced “z”).
Certain native German nouns can be pluralized using a suffix -s- in colloquial speech: Jung(en)s (guys), Mädels (girls). How did this happen? The fact is that even before any borrowings from English and French, the suffix -s came to German from the closely related Dutch. (German and Dutch are related roughly like Russian and Ukrainian.)
Suffix -s turned out to be convenient for many German words ending in a vowel (except -e), as well as for various abbreviations:
die Oma (grandmother) – die Omas, der Uhu (eagle owl) – die Uhus,
die AGs (Aktiengesellschaft - joint stock company), die PKWs (Personenkraftwagen - passenger car).
And also for last names: die Müllers - Müllers.
In some cases, the plural is formed by changing the word:
der Seemann – die Seeleute (sailors: “sea people”),
der Kaufmann – die Kaufleute (merchants: “buying people”),
der Rat (der Ratschlag) – die Ratschläge (advice),
der Stock (das Stockwerk) – die Stockwerke (floors),
Step 17 – Plural in German – how is it formed?
Rule 1. The plural also has its own article - die. The same article as the feminine gender.
Rule 2. Most German words, especially feminine words, are pluralized using the ending –en:
die Übung – dieÜbung en
die Möglichkeit – die Möglichkeit en
There are words in which nothing is added:
der Sessel – die Sessel (chair – chairs)
das Brötchen – die Brötchen (bun - buns); words to –chen, -leindo not change
There is a group of words in which the plural words end in –er or -e , and the vowel at the root of the word also changes.
das Kind – die Kind er(children)
das Buch – die Büch er(book - books)
der Mann – die Mann er (man - men)
der Stuhl – die St ü
hl e(chair - chairs)
die Hand – die H ä
nd e(hand - hands)
der Schrank – die Schr ä
nk e(wardrobe - cabinets)
die Wand – die W ä
nd e(wall - walls)
There are words that in the plural end in –s .
das Taxi – die Taxis (taxi – taxi)
das Radio – die Radios (radio – radio)
der PKW – die PKWs (passenger car - passenger cars)
der Job – die Jobs (work - work)
The following words just need to be remembered:
das Museum – die Museen (museum – museums)
das Datum – die Daten (date – dates)
das Visum – die Visa (visa – visas)
das Praktikum – die Praktika (practice - practices)
die Praxis – die Praxen (reception - reception)
das Konto – die Konten (account – accounts)
die Firma – die Firmen (firm – firms)
Good news
There is a large group of words that are used only in the singular. Here are the main groups of such words:
1. collective words (items that cannot be counted)
2. abstract words
3. units of measurement, as well as the word das Geld- money
| 5 Kilo Orange | 1 kg oranges | 2 Liter Wasser | two liters of water |
| 2 Glas Bier | 2 beers | 100 Gramm Fleisch | one hundred grams of meat |
| 100 Euro | 100 euro | eine Tube Zahnpasta | one tube of toothpaste |
Plurals in German are difficult to formulate into one rule. Too many options, too many exceptions. But two points can be remembered:
- Words on –e always get –en in plural.
- Feminine words ending in –schaft, -keit, -heit, -ion also receive –en at the end. Most words have this ending.
It makes sense to memorize the remaining words with the help of exercises.
To speak German fluently, you do not need to know the plural of absolutely all words - this information increases as the words are most often used in speech in the plural. Words in the plural are used less often than in the singular.
When I was at school and then at university, German teachers always insisted on learning all words in the singular and plural. More often than not, this turned out to be unnecessary information that was quickly forgotten. In order to learn a language quickly, it is important to remember only relevant information. For example, learn the plural of the most common words first, and learn the rest later, as you use them.
Exercises for plurals in German:
There is another interactive exercise.
Do you have any questions about this topic? Write in the comments.
Lesson 17: How to form plurals in German was last modified: November 1st, 2018 by Catherine
Nouns in German can be divided into plural and singular. They are divided into 3 types:
- Nouns that have only a singular number. These include abstract and real names. Sign: die Milch, das Fleisch (meat), der Schnee; die Kälte (cold), die Geduld (patience).
- Nouns that can only have a plural form. For example, dieLeute, dieGeschwister, dieEltern. Please note that Singulariatantum and Pluraliatantum (nouns of the 1st and 2nd types) are not in all cases similar to words in Russian. Example: die Ferien - vacation, but die Masern (Plural) - smallpox, die Pocken (Plural) - measles and dieUhr (Singular) - watch, dieHose (Singular) - trousers.
- Most often, the word has a singular and plural form of German nouns. For example, Tisch - die Tische, das Kind - die Kinder, die Frau - die Frauen.
Formation of the plural of nouns in German
To form the plural of German nouns, 3 grammatical means are used:
- Article. In the absence of other grammatical means, this is the only sign plural of nouns in German. Online you can see examples: das Zimmer – die Zimmer, der Arbeiter – die Arbeiter.
- Umlaut. Example: der Wald – die Wälder, die Hand – die Hände, der Viertel – die Viertel (quarter).
- With the suffixes -e, -en, -er, -s, as well as the zero suffix: der Tisch – die Tische, die Frau – die Frauen, das Kind – die Kinder, das Handy – die Handys, der Arbeiter – die Arbeiter.
Plurals of nouns in German online suffixes can be formed in 5 ways:
- With the suffix -en, the umlaut is not used.
- Using the suffix -e (with or without umlaut).
- The suffix -er with an umlaut.
- Suffix – s (with or without umlaut).
- No suffix.
Since the topic is quite extensive, experts recommend learning plural of nouns in German by using dictionary.
Dictionary of plural nouns in German
Table 1 " Plurals of nouns in German».
| Masculine | Neuter gender | Feminine |
| 1. Typically -e | 1. Typically -er | 1. Typically -(e)n |
| A). Most nouns receive an umlaut: | das Kind – die Kinder, das Lied – die Lieder Some nouns get an umlaut: das Buch – die Bücher |
A). Polysyllabic nouns (Zeitung - die Zeitungen), as well as nouns with suffixes -e, -el, -er: |
| der Gast – die Gäste, der Stuhl – die Stühle |
2. Null suffix | die Blume – die Blumen, die Schwester – die Schwestern |
| b). Some nouns do not receive an umlaut: | A). Nouns with suffixes -er, -en, -el, -sel | b). Some monosyllabic nouns: |
| der Tag – die Tage, der Hund – die Hunde |
das Ufer – die Ufer, das Mittel – die Mittel | die Frau – die Frauen die Form – die Formen |
| V). Internationalisms with suffixes (inanimate) Al, -at, -it, -ar, -an, -og, -ent: |
b). Nouns with diminutive suffixes -chen, -lein | V). Internationalisms with suffixes -ie, -(t)ät, -tion, -ik, -ur, -anz, -enz, -age, -a: |
| der Vokal – die Vokal, der Kanal – die Kanale, |
das Mädchen – die Mädchen, das Fräulein – die Fräulein | 2. Suffix -e (with umlaut): |
| G). Internationalisms with suffixes (animate) Eur, -ier, -an, -al, -är, -ar, -on: |
V). Nouns with the prefix -ge and suffix -e | die Hand – die Hände, die Bank – die Bänke |
| der Ingenieur – die Ingenieure | das Gemüse – die Gemüse | 3. Zero suffix (+ umlaut): |
| 2. Suffix -er | 3. Suffix -e | die Mutter – die Mütter, die Tochter – die Tochter |
| der Mann – die Männer | A). Monosyllabic nouns: | |
| 3. Suffix -en | das Jahr – die Jahr | |
| A). Nouns with the suffix -e: | b). Nouns with the suffix -nis, which is subsequently doubled: | |
| der Junge – die Jungen | das Ergebnis – die Ergebnisse | |
| b). The following nouns: | V). Internationalisms ending in -ent, -at, -phon, -ut, -um, -et, -em | |
| der Mensch – die Menschen, der Herr – die Herren, etc. |
das Problem – die Probleme, das Institut – die Institute |
|
| V). Internationalisms with suffixes -ant, -ent, -ist, -et, Al, -it, -ot, -loge, -graph, -nom, -soph, -ismus |
4. Suffix -(e)n | |
| der Student – die Studenten | A). A small group of nouns like das Auge | |
| 4. Zero suffix (nouns with suffixes -el. -er, -en) | b). Internationalisms with suffixes -um, -ion, -a das Museum – die Museen, das Thema – die Themen |
|
| der Vater – die Vater | ||
| 5. Suffix -s (borrowings) | 5. Suffix -s (borrowings) | |
| der Klub – die Klubs | das Auto – die Autos |
Uncountable nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns in German found in the same way as in Russian.
Uncountables include those that are used only in the singular:
- Abstract nouns: die Kindheit (childhood), die Schönheit (beauty), die Freiheit (freedom), die Treue (fidelity), die Musik (music), die Hitze (heat).
- Names of materials, liquids and solids: Mehl (flour), das Gold (gold), das Papier (paper), die Milch (milk), das Salz (salt), der Zement (cement), der Stahl (steel), das Eisen (iron), der Kaffee (coffee).
Pluralizing nouns in German: exercises
To consolidate the material covered, you need to practice a lot. Therefore, we recommend completing exercises to determine the plural of nouns in German.